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ILLINOIS  STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


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STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 
DEPARTMENT  OF   REGISTRATION  AND  EDUCATION 

DIVISION  OF  THE 
STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

FRANK  W.  DeWOLF.  Chief 

BULLETIN    NO.    36 


YEAR  BOOK  FOR  1916 


ADMINISTRATIVE  REPORT 

AND 

ECONOMIC  AND  GEOLOGICAL  PAPERS 


O0&T 


PRINTED   BY    AUTHORITY    OF    THE   STATE    OF    ILLINOIS 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS 
1920 


Sohnepp  &  Barnes,  State  Printers 

Springfield,  III. 

192-0 

27842— 3M 


STATE  OF  ILLINOIS 
DEPARTMENT  OF  REGISTRATION  AND  EDUCATION 

DIVISION  OF  THE 

STATE  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

FRANK  W.  DeWOLF,  Chief 


Committee  of  the  Board   of  Natural  Resources 
and  Conservation 


Francis  W.  Shepardson,  Chairman 

Representing  the  President  of  the 

Kendrick  C.  Babcock 

Representing  the  President  of  the 
University  of  Illinois 


Rollin  D.  Salisbury 
Geologist 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign 


http://archive.org/details/yearbookfor1916a36illi 


LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL 


State  Geological  Survey  Division,  Nov.   19,  1919. 
Francis  W.  Shepardson,  Chairman,  and  Members  of  the  Board  of  Natural 
Resources  and  Conservation, 

Gentlemen : — I  submit  herewith  my  administrative  report  for  the 
fiscal  year  ended  June  30,  1917,  accompanied  by  a  statistical  report  for 
the  calendar  year  1916,  a  report  on  clay  deposits  of  unusual  interest,  and 
a  study  of  the  La  Salle  anticline  which  will  prove  valuable  not  only  to 
students  of  the  science,  but  to  those  interested  in  geology  from  an  eco- 
nomic standpoint  as  well. 

One  of  the  papers,  that  on  Mountain  Glen  clay  deposits,  has  ap- 
peared as  an  extract  from  this  bulletin,  but  the  others  are  published  for 
the  first  time. 

Very  respectfully, 

Frank  W.  DeWolf,  Chief. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

1.  ADMINISTRATIVE  REPORT,  BY  F.  W.  DeWOLF 9 

2.  MINERAL  RESOURCES  OF  ILLINOIS  IN  1916,  BY  N.  0.  BARRETT.  .  19 

3.  CLAY  DEPOSITS  NEAR  MOUNTAIN  GLEN,  UNION  COUNTY,  ILLI- 

NOIS, BY  STUART  ST.  CLAIR 71 

4.  STRUCTURE    OF    THE    LA    SALLE    ANTICLINE,    BY    GILBERT    H. 

CADY    85 


ADMINISTRATIVE  REPORT  FROM  JULY  1,  1916 
TO  JUNE  30,  1917 

ByF.  W.  DeWolf,   Director 


OUTLINE 

PAGE 

Introduction  9 

General  statement   9 

Organization  and  personnel 10 

Cooperation 11 

Geological  section  12 

General   stratigraphy    12 

Coal    12 

Oil  and  gas 13 

Clay 13 

Educational  bulletins 13 

Quadrangle  surveys ; 13 

Mineral  statistics   15 

Bureau  of  information 15 

Topographic  section 15 

Publications   16 

Reports    16 

Maps    17 

Expenditures    17 

TABLES 

1.  Progress  of  field   work  by   the  topographic  section 14 

2.  Total  expenditures  July  1,  1916,  to  June  30,  1917 17 


INTRODUCTION 

General  Statement 
During  the  fiscal  year  1916-1917  the  Geological  Survey  made  a  great 
many  investigations  of  the  geology  of  various  sections  of  the  State  and 
did  a  large  amount  of  work  on  matters  of  economic  importance,  includ- 


10  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

ing  coal,  oil  and  gas,  clay,  and  other  non-metallic  minerals.  A  large  area 
was  mapped  topographically  in  cooperation  with  the  United  States  Geolo- 
gical Survey,  as  described  on  the  following  pages. 

Although  a  change  in  State  administration  occurred  during  the  year, 
the  Survey  continued  to  be  under  the  direction  of  the  same  Commission- 
ers, and  there  was  no  interruption  to  the  program  laid  out  at  the  beginning 
of  the  year.  Toward  the  close  of  the  year  preliminary  steps  toward  a 
reorganization  of  the  activities  under  the  provisions  of  the  Code  were 
made,  but  it  was  decided  that  the  nature  of  Survey  work  and  the  scope 
and  form  of  publications  should  remain  the  same  as  in  the  past. 

Organization  and  Personnel 

The  Survey  is  informally  subdivided  into  a  general  office  section  and 
three  technical  sections — Geologic,  Topographic,  and  Mining  Investiga- 
tions. The  topographic  work  was  carried  on  as  formerly,  in  cooperation 
with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  under  the  immediate  direction  of 
Mr.  R.  B.  Marshall,  Chief  Geographer  of  that  organization.  There  was 
no  sharp  line  between  the  work  of  the  Geologic  Section  and  the  section 
on  Mining  Investigations,  because  in  both  cases  the  work  was  essentially 
geological  in  character.  This  section  was  administered  by  F.  W.  DeWolf, 
Director,  and  F.  H.  Kay,  Assistant  Director,  until  the  time  of  the  latter's 
resignation  in  May.  The  work  of  the  Mining  Investigations  was  similarly 
directed  by  Mr.  DeWolf,  in  accordance  with  a  joint  program  approved  by 
representatives  of  the  University  of  Illinois  and  of  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Mines.  The  latter  organization  maintained  offices  at  Urbana, 
as  headquarters  for  mining  engineers  engaged  in  the  Cooperative  work. 

Miss  Carrie  H.  Thory  acted  as  chief  clerk  of  the  Survey  assisted  by 
Miss  Faith  Neighbour  as  stenographer  and  clerk.  The  technical  files  and 
the  work  of  editing  were  assigned  to  Miss  Helen  Skewes,  geologist,  and 
after  her  resignation,  to  Miss  Nellie  Barrett. 

Professors  Salisbury,  Grant,  and  Barrows  continued  to  serve  as  con- 
sulting geologists,  and  Professors  Parr  and  Bartow  as  consulting  chem- 
ists. Mr.  R.  K.  Hursh,  of  the  Ceramics  Department,  University  of  Illi- 
nois, advised  with  the  Director  regarding  investigations  of  ceramic  ma- 
terials. 

In  addition  to  the  services  of  Professors  Weller,  Savage,  and  Bar- 
rows, which  were  continued,  a  considerable  number  of  new  men  were  en- 
gaged for  part-time  work  during  the  summer  periods.  A  full  list  of  the 
men  comprising  the  Survey  organization  for  the  year  is  given  below : 


ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT  11 


COMMISSIONERS 


Governor  Frank  O.  Lowden,  Chairman 
Professor  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  Vice-Chairman 
President  E.  J.  James,  Secretary 

GENERAL  OFFICE   SECTION 

F.  W.  DeWolf,  Director 

Fred  H.  Kay,  Assistant  State  Geologist 

Carrie  H.  Thory,  Chief  Clerk 

Helen  Skewes,  Geologic  Clerk 

Nellie  Barrett,  Geologic  Clerk 

Faith  Neighbour,  Stenographer 

W.  G.  Gwynn,  Draftsman 

W.  S.  Nelson,  Draftsman 

W.  B.  Walraven,  Draftsman 

Marian  Ream,  Draftsman 

GEOLOGIC  AND  MINING  INVESTIGATIONS   SECTION 

F.  W.  DeWolf,  Geologist 

R.  D.  Salisbury,  Consulting  Geologist 
U.  S.  Grant,  Consulting  Geologist 
Harlan  H.  Barrows,  Consulting  Geologist 
S.  W.  Parr,  Consulting  Chemist 
Edward  Bartow,  Consulting  Chemist 
R.  K.  Hursh,  Consulting  Ceramist 
Stuart  Weller,  Geologist 
T.  E.  Savage,  Geologist 
Fred  H.  Kay,  Geologist 

G.  H.  Cady,  Geologist 

A.  D.  Brokaw,  Geologist 

Stuart  St.  Clair,  Geologist 

Charles  Butts,  Geologist    (U.  S.  G.  S.) 

C.  B.  Anderson,  Geologist 

Merle  L.  Nebel,  Geologist 

L.  E.  Young,  Mining  Engineer 

H.  F.  Crooks,  Assistant  Geologist 

E.  F.  Rehnquist,  Field  Assistant 

Other  short-time  assistants  in  field  and  office 


Cooperation 


Formal  cooperation  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  in  the  topo- 
graphic work  and  in  the  collection  of  mineral  statistics  has  been  main- 
tained. Cooperation  on  quadrangle  surveys  has  been  largely  abandoned, 
temporarily  it  is  hoped,  but  Mr.  Charles  Butts  has  during  the  past  year 


12  YEARBOOK    FOB    1916 

made  investigations  under  a  joint  agreement.  The  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines 
and  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illinois  con- 
tinue to  cooperate  with  the  Geological  Survey  in  a  study  of  coal  resources 
and  technical  problems  relating  to  the  safe  and  efficient  operation  of  coal 
mines.  Various  laboratories  of  the  University  of  Illinois  are  available 
for  the  work  of  Survey  investigators,  and  the  coal  laboratory  and  the 
ceramics  laboratory  are  conveniences  which  are  highly  appreciated. 

GEOLOGICAL  SECTION 
General  Stratigraphy 

Stratigraphic  studies  of  the  Mississippian  formations  in  southern 
Illinois  were  continued  by  Professor  Weller,  and  some  detailed  mapping 
was  done  on  the  Golconda  and  Brownfield  quadrangles.  A  field  confer- 
ence on  matters  in  dispute  was  attended  by  Messrs.  Ashley,  Ulrich,  Girty, 
and  Butts  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  and  by  Professor  Weller  and 
Mr.  DeWolf  of  the  State  Survey.  Examinations  of  field  evidence  ex- 
tended from  Monroe  County  through  Randolph,  Union,  Johnson,  Pope, 
and  Hardin  counties,  and  to  Hopkinsville,  Kentucky,  where  a  final  con- 
ference was  held  and  a  tentative  agreement  on  most  points  was  reached. 

Studies  of  stratigraphy  were  of  course  included  in  connection  with 
economic  investigations  mentioned  under  the  following  headings,  but  at- 
tention should  be  called  to  continuation  of  a  detailed  examination  of  the 
La  Salle  anticline  by  Mr.  Cady,  involving  as  it  did  both  the  general 
stratigraphy  and  structure  of  the  area  through  which  the  anticline  passes. 
Study  of  underground  stratigraphy  was  also  made  by  C.  B.  Anderson,  in 
connection  with  his  investigation  of  artesian  water  resources  of  north- 
eastern Illinois.     This  report  was  made  ready  for  printing. 

Coal 

A  large  amount  of  the  work  dealing  distinctly  with  coal  has  been 
carried  on  by  the  Illinois  Coal  Mining  Investigations  under  a  cooperative 
agreement  between  the  State  Geological  Survey,  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of 
Mines,  and  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  Illi- 
nois. A  report  on  coal  resources  of  Saline  and  Gallatin  counties  was  com- 
pleted by  Mr.  Cady.  Field  work  was  finished  for  a  similar  report  on 
northwestern  Illinois,  and  a  bulletin  on  Jackson  County  and  vicinity  was 
published  during  the  year.  A  study  of  surface  subsidence  due  to  coal 
mining,  by  L.  E.  Young,  was  published.  Besides  these  specific  coal  re- 
ports, investigation  of  coal  resources  was  made  also  in  connection  with 
the  quadrangle  surveys  which  are  described  in  a  following  paragraph. 


ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT  13 

Oil  and  Gas 

Production  of  petroleum  for  the  calendar  year  1916  totaled  17,714- 
235  barrels,  with  a  value  of  $29,237,168,  as  compared  with  19,0^1,695  bar- 
rels in  1915,  with  a  value  of  $18,655,850.  Because  of  the  growing  de- 
cline in  production  and  the  advanced  price  which  warranted  further  ex- 
ploration, more  work  than  usual  was  done  in  an  effort  to  find  promis- 
ing areas  for  development.  Mr.  Kay  took  general  charge  of  this  work. 
The  promising  structure  extending  through  Gallatin,  Saline,  Williamson, 
Pope,  Johnson,  and  Union  counties,  together  with  an  area  on  the  west, 
was  studied  in  reconnaissance  fashion  by  Albert  D.  Brokaw  and  Stuart 
St.  Clair.  Bulletins  on  these  areas  were  published  early  in  the  year,  and 
other  oil  papers  were  issued  in  Bulletin  No.  35.  During  the  year  oil  was 
discovered  on  the  Irishtown  anticline  in  Clinton  County,  which  had  been 
recommended  in  an  earlier  bulletin.1 

Clay 

A  report  on  clays  available  in  coal  mines  of  the  State  was  published 
under  the  authorship  of  R.  T.  Stull  and  R.  K.  Hursh. 

Educational  Bulletins 

The  preparation  of  the  "Geography  of  Illinois"  by  Professors  Salis- 
bury and  Barrows  made  considerable  progress  during  the  year,  but  is 
still  far  from  complete.  A  related  matter,  the  Starved  Rock  bulletin,  in 
preparation  of  which  the  Survey  cooperated  with  the  Geographic  Society 
of  Chicago,  was  made  ready  for  printing.  This  includes  a  chapter  by  Mr. 
Cady,  and  topographic  and  geologic  maps  furnished  by  the  Survey.  Bulle- 
tin 27,  on  "Geography  of  the  Upper  Illinois  Valley",  by  Carl  O.  Sauer, 
was  published  during  the  year. 

Quadrangle  Surveys 

Certain  quadrangles  were  surveyed  and  reports  prepared  on  a  coop- 
erative prcgram  with  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey.  Reports  on  Hardin- 
ville,  Birds,  and  Vincennes  quadrangles  were  published  in  Bulletin  33.  A 
manuscript  for  the  report  on  the  Baldwin  and  Coulterville  quardangles 
was  practically  completed ;  the  Ottawa  and  Marseilles  quadrangles  were 
partly  surveyed.  The  Federal  Survey  published  the  Galena-Elizabeth 
folio,  and  made  progress  on  others  submitted  to  them  for  publication  in 
cooperation. 

Late  in  the  year  it  was  possible  to  undertake  a  survey  of  the  Edging-- 


1  Blatchley,   R.  S.,  Oil   and  gas  in  Bond,    Macoupin,    and    Montgomery    counties, 
Illinois:   111.   State  Geol.   Survey  Bull.   28,    pp.    45-46    1914. 


14 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


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ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT  15 

ton  quadrangle,  in  Rock  Island  and  Mercer  counties ;  of  the  Goodhope 
and  LaHarpe  quadrangles,  in  Warren,  McDonough,  Henderson  and  Han- 
cock counties;  and  of  the  Golconda  and  Brownfield  quadrangles,  in 
Johnson,  Pope,  and  Massac  counties. 

Mineral  Statistics 

The  Survey  has  continued  to  cooperate  with  the  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey  in  the  collection  of  mineral  statistics,  and  the  results  for  the  year 
1916  are  given  on  a  later  page. 

Bureau  of  Information 
The  Survey  maintains  a  bureau  of  information  for  the  convenience 
of  inquirers  about  mineral  resources  of  Illinois.  Requests  are  received  in 
great  numbers,  both  from  inside  and  outside  the  State.  When  possible,  a 
bulletin  containing  the  desired  information  is  mailed.  Frequently,  how- 
ever, it  is  necessary  to  make  special  study  and  to  reply  by  letter  at  some 
length.  Many  requests  for  the  identification  of  minerals  are  received  and 
answered  promptly;  others  for  chemical  analysis  of  specimens  are,  for 
the  most  part,  necessarily  refused.  It  has  been  found  that  the  collection 
of  a  representative  sample  of  a  material  and  the  investigation  of  its  favor- 
able occurrence  for  development  are  quite  as  essential  and  require  expert 
advice,  just  as  does  chemical  analysis.  As  a  rule,  therefore,  unless  a 
representative  of  the  Survey  investigates  and  samples  a  mineral  deposit, 
an  analysis  at  public  expense  is  not  justified,  particularly  because  other- 
wise Survey  funds  would  be  seriously  depleted  by  work  which  frequently 
is  of  no  permanent  value.  Preliminary  examinations  and  opinions  as  to 
probable  value  of  minerals  are  always  cheerfully  given. 

TOPOGRAPHIC  SECTION 
In  accordance  with  the  cooperative  agreement,  the  Commissioners 
allotted  $9,000  for  the  continuation  of  cooperative  topographic  surveys, 
and  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  allotted  an  equal  amount.  The 
survey  of  the  Vienna,  Vermont,  Goodhope,  La  Harpe,  and  Dixon  quad- 
rangles and  of  the  Illinois  portion  of  the  Campbell  Hill  quadrangle,  in 
Johnson,  Massac,  Pulaski,  McDonough,  Warren,  Henderson,  Hancock, 
Randolph,  Lee,  and  Ogle  counties,  was  completed  by  J.  A.  Duck,  L.  B. 
Glasgow,  M.  A.  Roudabush,  Gilbert  Young,  L.  L.  Lee,  C.  W.  Goodlove, 
Ralph  Wilcoxon,  R.  L.  Harrison,  and  F.  W.  Hughes.  The  area  mapped 
totaled  702  square  miles,  all  to  be  published  on  the  scale  of  1 :62,500, 
with  a  contour  interval  of  20  feet.  The  resurvey  of  the  Wilmington 
quadrangle,  in  Will  and  Kankakee  counties,  was  completed  by  Mr.  Har- 


16  YEARBOOK  FOE  1916 

rison,  the  area  mapped  being  30  square  miles,  for  publication  on  the  scale 
of  1 :62,500,  with  a  contour  interval  of  20  feet.  For  the  control  of  the 
Vermont  and  Dongola  quadrangles,  in  Fulton,  McDonough,  Schuyler, 
Union,  Johnson,  and  Pulaski  counties,  J.  H.  Wilson  ran  163  miles  of  pri- 
mary traverse  and  set  7  permanent  marks.  For  the  control  of  the  Dixon 
and  Oregon  quadrangles,  in  Lee  and  Ogle  counties,  H.  S.  Senseney  ran 
122  miles  of  primary  levels  and  established  29  permanent  bench  marks. 

PUBLICATIONS 

Reports 

The  past  year  has  broken  all  records  for  publication  because  of 
greater  freedom  gained  by  an  ample  appropriation  made  direct  to  the 
Commission.  As  result,  previous  delays  in  printing  have  been  overcome, 
and  excellent  work  has  been  obtained.     Reports  were  issued  as  follows : 

Extract  from  Bulletin  35:     Preliminary  oil  report  on  southern  Illinois. 
Bulletin  32:     Report  and  plans  for  reclamation  of  land  subject  to  overflow 

in  the  Spoon  River  valley. 
Bulletin  27:     Geography  of  the  upper  Illinois  valley. 
Bulletin  35:     Oil  investigations  in  Illinois  in  1916. 
Bulletin  33:     Year  book  for  1915. 
Extract  from  Bulletin  36:     Clay  deposits  near  Mountain  Glen,  Union  County, 

Illinois. 
Bulletin  23:     Biennial  report  for  1911  and  1912. 
Bulletin  30:     Biennial  report  for  1913  and  1914. 
Cooperative  Bulletin     3:     Chemical  study  of  Illinois  coals. 
Cooperative  Bulletin  15:     Coal  resources  of  District  VI. 
Cooperative  Bulletin  17:     Surface  subsidence  in  Illinois  coal  mines. 
Cooperative  Bulletin  18:     Tests  on  clay  materials  available  in  Illinois  coal 

mines. 
Cooperative  Bulletin  16:     Coal  resources  of  District   II. 

The  distribution  of  these  reports  so  as  to  prevent  waste,  and  yet  make 
them  most  widely  available,  has  been  in  itself  a  considerable  task.  It  is 
thought  that  the  interests  of  all  concerned  would  be  best  met  if  500  copies 
of  each  report  were  reserved  for  sale  at  the  cost  of  printing,  the  receipts 
from  the  sales  being  turned  into  the  State  treasury.  This  makes  it  possi- 
ble for  libraries  to  complete  their  sets  and  for  persons  having  real  need 
for  any  of  the  volumes  to  obtain  the  earlier  ones  at  small  cost.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  edition  is  distributed  by  the  Survey  and  the  Secretary  of 
State  to  institutions  and  individuals  making  application  for  them,  or  is 
exchanged  with  other  Surveys  or  publishing  organizations. 

Any  of  the  published  reports  will  be  sent  upon  receipt  of  the  amount 
noted.  Money  orders,  drafts,  and  checks  should  be  made  payable  to  F.  W. 
DeWolf,  Chief. 


ADMINISTRATIVE    REPORT  17 

Maps 

During  the  year  numerous  illustrations  were  prepared  for  various 
bulletins,  and  the  following  larger  maps  were  published : 

Topographic  maps  of  Monroe,  Clinton,  Lawrence,  and  Hardin  coun- 
ties. 

State  coal  field  and  coal  mine  map. 

The  revised  geological  map  was  in  press  at  the  end  of  the  year. 

EXPENDITURES 
The  total  expenditures  for  the  period  from  July  1,  1916  to  June  30, 
1917,  were  as  follows : 

Table  2. — Total  expenditures  July  1,  1916  to  June  30,  1911 


General  appropriation — 

Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1916 

$  7,817.52 
32,690.00 

Appropriation    July   1,    1916 

Total  available 

$40,507.52 

Expenditures  July  1,  1916  to  June  30,  1917— 

Salary  and  expenses  of  administration 

6,697.98 

6,088.08 

2,354.07 

1,136.17 

802.11 

3,877.33 

1,418.22 

770.76 

1,228.54 

320.99 

140.00 

739.23 

575.37 

1,823.22 

372.75 

346.50 

8,791.14 

1,415.78 

Clerical  help  and  general  office  expenses 

Equipment  for  new  offices 

Equipment  for  field  work 

Postage  for  distribution  of  bulletins 

Oil  Investigations 

Coal  Investigations  (subsidence) 

Cooperative  geological  surveys 

General  stratigraphic  studies 

Water  resources  investigations 

Clay  resources  investigations 

Geological  surveys  (quadrangles) 

Structural  geology 

Educational  series 

Statistics 

Miscellaneous 

Topographic  surveys 

Printing  and  binding 

38,898.24 

Balance  available  July  1,  1917 

$  1,609.28 

Appropriation  for  engraving  and  lithographing  maps  and 
illustrations — 
Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1916 

$2,127.67 
2,500.00 

Appropriation  July  1,  1916 

Total  available 

$4,627.67 
2,229.02 

Expended  July  1,  1916  to  June  30,  1917 

Balance  available  July  1,  1917 

$2,398.65 

18 


YEARBOOK    FOB    1916 

Table  2 — Concluded 


Appropriation  for  printing  and  binding- 
Balance  on  hand  July  1,  1916 

Appropriation  July  1,  1916. 


Total  available 

Expended  July  1,  1916  to  June  30,  1917 

Balance  available  July  1,   1917... 


$3,022.80 
6.500.00 


$9,522.80 
9,522.80 


MINERAL  RESOURCES  IN  ILLINOIS  IN  1916 

By  N.  O.  Barrett 


OUTLINE 

PAGE 

Introduction     - 20 

Acknowledgments     20 

Review  of  mineral   resources 21 

Coal    26 

Coke     33 

Pig   iron    33 

Petroleum     33 

Natural  gas 36 

Gasoline 37 

Asphalt 38 

Clay-working    industries 38 

Clay    38 

Clay  products 39 

Sandstone  and   limestone 42 

Lime 46 

Cement     47 

Sand  and  gravel 51 

Fluorspar    57 

Mineral  water  59 

Tripoli  or  silica  59 

Pyrite  and  sulphuric  acid 61 

Lead,  zinc,  and  silver 62 

Mineral  paints 65 

Bibliography    65 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURES 

1.  Diagram   showing  the  relative   available  bituminous  coal   resources 

and  production  of  the  leading  states,  1916 26 

2.  Diagram   showing  production  and  value   of  coal  mined   in   Illinois, 

tonnage  mined  by  machines,  and  total  number  of  mines,  1905-1916. .  31 

3.  Diagram  showing  the  relative  production  of  common  brick  for  the 

leading  counties,  1916   42 

4.  Map    showing    the    distribution    of    high-    and    low-magnesian    lime- 

stones based  on  accessible   analyses 44 

5.  Diagram  showing  the  output  and  value  of  fluorspar  from  the  Illinois- 

Kentucky  district,  the  United  States,  and  other  producing  countries 

of  the  world,   1916 57 

19 


20  YEAEBOOK    FOR    1916 

TABLES 

PAGE 

3.  Comparison  of  values  of  total  mineral  production  in   Illinois  with 

those   of  total   agricultural   products,    1905-1916 21 

4.  Output  and  value  of  mineral  products  in  Illinois,  1907-1916 22 

5.  Products  and  total  mineral  values  by  counties,  1916 24 

6.  Average  price  per  short  ton  of  Illinois  coal  at  mines,  1905-1916 27 

7.  Production  of  coal  in  Illinois  by  counties  in  short  tons,  1905-1916. ...  28 

8.  Production  of  coal  in  Illinois  by  counties  in  short  tons  in  1916 30 

9.  Statistics  of  the  manufacture  of  coke  in  Illinois,  1905-1916 32 

10.  Production  in  long  tons  and  value  of  pig  iron  in  Illinois,  1906-1916. .  33 

11.  Marketed  production  of  petroleum  in  Illinois,  1889-1916 35 

12.  Record  of  natural  gas  industry  in  Illinois,  1906-1916 37 

13.  Production  of  gasoline  from  natural  gas  in  Illinois,  1913-1916 37 

14.  Production  in  short  tons  and  value  of  clay  mined  and  marketed  in 

Illinois,    1902-1916 38 

15.  Clay  products  in  Illinois,  1907-1916 40 

16.  Production  and  value  of  brick  and  draintile  in  Illinois  by  counties, 

1916 41 

17.  Values  of  production  of  sandstone  and  limestone  in  Illinois,  1903-1916  43 

18.  Lime  burned  in  Illinois,  1904-1916 46 

19.  Analyses  grouped  for  comparing  northern  Illinois  with  western  Illi- 

nois limestones  48 

20.  Portland  cement  industry  in  Illinois,  1900-1916 50 

21.  Production  in  short  tons  and  values  of  different  kinds  of  sand  and 

gravel  in  Illinois,  1904-1916 52 

22.  Production  in  short  tons  and  value  of  sand  and  gravel  in  Illinois  by 

counties,  1915  and  1916 54 

23.  Analyses  of  ten  glass  sands  quarried  in  the  Mississippi  Basin  and  in 

eastern  United  States 56 

24.  Glass  sand  produced  in  Illinois,  1904-1916 57 

25.  Production  in  short  tons  and  value  of  fluorspar  in  Illinois,  1902-1916  58 

26.  Production  in  short  tons  and  value  of  tripoli  mined  in  Illinois,  1909- 

1916    60 

27.  Production  in  long  tons  and  value  of  pyrite  mined  in  Illinois,  1909- 

1916    62 

28.  Tenor  of  lead  and  zinc  ore  and   concentrates  in  Illinois,  1915   and 

1916    63 

29.  Production  and  value  of  lead,  zinc,  and  silver  in  Illinois,  1909-1916..  64 


INTRODUCTION 

Acknowledgments 
The  mineral  statistics  for  Illinois  in  1916  were  collected  by  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  and  the  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey  in  coopera- 
tion. Many  of  the  figures  used  in  this  report  were  taken  from  the  com- 
pilations published  by  the  Federal  Survey  in  its  1916  report  on  "Mineral 
Resources  of  the  United  States".    To  individual  members  of  the  Survey 


MINERAL  RESOURCES 


21 


who  willingly  rendered  considerable  assistance,  especially  in  the  compila- 
tion of  certain  tables  from  the  original  statistics,  acknowledgments  are 
also  due. 

Table  3. — Comparison   of  values   of  total  mineral,  production  in  Illinois  with 
those  of  total  agricultural  products,  1905-1916 


Tear 

Mineral 
production 

Agricultural 
production 

Ratio   of  values   of 
mineral   to  agricul- 
tural   production 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

$   68,025,560 

72,723,572 

93,539,464 

92,765,688 

98,840,729 

98,891,759 

106,275,115 

123,068,867 

131,825,221 

117,145,108 

114,704,587 

146,780,236 

$272,794,107 
253,409,404 
280,666,020 
276,614,637 
322,144,944 
297,976,709 
311,525,706 
285,249,557 
288,613,140 
289,781,140 
486,561,355 
496,178,000 

Per  cent 
24.9 
28.7 
33.3 
33.5 
30  7 

1910 

33  2 

1911 

1912 

34.1 
43  2 

1913 

45.9 

1914 

40  4 

1915 

23.5 

1916 

29  6 

General  Review 

For  abundant  mineral  resources  one  is  not  usually  inclined  to  look  to 
a  State  of  richly  productive  farm  lands  like  those  of  Illinois,  with  their 
flat  prairies  and  thick  soils  deeply  burying  all  signs  of  solid  rock  in  most 
places.  But,  fourth  in  production  of  petroleum,  limestone,  and  clay  pro- 
ducts ;  third  in  brick  and  tile,  as  well  as  in  coal  production ;  and  leader  in 
the  fluorspar,  sand  and  gravel,  and  tripoli  industries,  Illinois  presents  ex- 
cellent proof  that  agricultural  wealth  does  not  necessarily  entail  mineral 
poverty. 

Though  agriculture  is  and  doubtless  always  will  be  the  dominant 
feature  of  Illinois'  economy,  it  is  clear  that  the  mineral  industries  are 
gradually  gaining  in  relative  importance,  in  spite  of  the  fluctuations 
brought  out  in  Table  3.  As  compared  with  other  states,  Illinois  ranked 
high  in  1916  in  total  value  of  mineral  production,  Pennsylvania  and  West 
Virginia  being  the  only  states  that  reported  greater  production.  A  com- 
parison of  the  productions  for  the  past  two  years  shows  a  highly  grati- 
fying increase  of  28  per  cent  for  1916  as  compared  with  1915.  Table  4 
shows  the  value  of  Illinois  products  from  1907  to  1916.  Table  5  shows 
the  products  of,  and  total  mineral  values  for,  each  of  the  counties  in  the 
State  during  1916. 


22 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


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24 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


Table  5. — Products  and  total  mineral  values,  by  counties,  1916. 


County 


Products 
(named    in    decreasing   order   of   importance) 


Total  value 


Adams 
Alexander . 

Bond 

Boone 
Brown .... 
Bureau 
Calhoun. . . 
Carroll 


Champaign . , 
Christian . . . 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Coles 

Cook , 

Crawford . .  . 
Cumberland. 

DeKalb 

DeWitt 

Etouglas 

DuPage 

Edgar 

Edwards 
Effingham . .  , 

Fayette 

Ford 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Greene 

Grundy 

Hamilton . . . 
Hancock .... 

Hardin 

Henderson . . 

Henry 

Iroquois 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson 

Jersey 

Jo  Daviess .  . 
Johnson. 

Kane 

Kankakee. . . 

Kendall 

Knox 

Lake 

La  Salle 


Lawrence. . 

Lee 

Livingston. 

Logan , 

McDonough , 
McHenry. .  . 


Lime,    stone,    clay   products,    sand    and    gravel 

Stone,    tripoli,    sand    and    gravel 

Coal,  sand  and  gravel,  natural  gas 

Clay  products,   stone,  sand  and  gravel 

Mineral     water     

Coal,   clay  products,  sand  and  gravel,   natural  gas. 


Stone,   sand  and  gravel 

Clay    products,    sand   and   gravel. 

Clay    products,    natural    gas 

Coal,    clay    products 

Petroleum,    natural   gas,   stone... 


Coal,  petroleum,  clay  products 

Petroleum      

Clay  products,  stone,  sand  and  gravel,  lime. 
Petroleum,  natural  gas,  sand  and  gravel 

Petroleum,    natural    gas 

Sand    and    gravel 

Clay  products,    natural   gas 

Clay    products 

Stone,    clay    products 

Clay  products,    petroleum,    natural   gas 

Clay    products     

Clay    products     

Clay   products,   sand   and   gravel 

Sand    and    gravel 

Coal    , 

Coal,    clay  products,   sand   and   gravel 

Coal,    clay    products 

Clay   products,    coal,    clay,    stone 

Coal,    clay    products,    clay 

Clay    products     

Clay  products,   coal,   sand  and  gravel 

Fluorspar,    lead,    stone,    silver 

Sand    and    gravel , 

Coal,   clay   products,    mineral   water 

Clay    products     

Coal,    clay    products 

Petroleum 


Clay    products,    stone 

Zinc,    lead,    stone 

Stone,    coal    

Sand  and  gravel,  clay  products,  stone,  mineral  water 

Clay   products,    stone,    lime 

Sand    and   gravel,    stone 

Clay    products,    coal 

Clay  products,  sand  and  gravel,  mineral  water 

Cement,     coal,    clay    products,    sand    and    gravel,    clay,    quartz, 

mineral  water,  stone 

Petroleum,    natural   gas,   clay  products 

Cement,  clay  products,  stone,  sand  and  gravel,   natural   gas.... 

Clay  products,  coal,  sand  and  gravel,  clay 

Coal,  sand  and  gravel,  clay  products,  natural  gas 

Clay  products,   petroleum,   clay,   coal 

Clay  products,  sand   and  gravel,   mineral   water 


$      245,228 

73,042 

164,822 

16,805 

(b) 

2,590,997 

4,384 

12,244 

38,360 

2,853,668 

al,899,313 

1,671,040 

(b) 
8,985,661 
a7,544,273 
a578,076 
(b) 

1,345 
(b) 

103,431 
11,516 
247,168 
(b) 

i  49,050 
(b) 
12,590,987 
3,248,003 
136,973 
282,176 
734,359 
(b) 

45,597 

826,241 

10,218 

93,087 

43,431 

1,169,102 

(b) 

54,449 
977,228 

66,978 
359,626 
860,861 

38,356 

1,295,405 

362,238 

6,078,175 

a16,249,967 

1,366,911 

1,074,220 

747,509 

1,311,448 

482,151 


MINERAL  RESOURCES 


25 


Table  5. — Products  and  total  mineral  values,  by  counties,  1916. — Concluded. 


County- 


Products 
(named     in     decreasing     order     of     importance) 


Total  value 


McLean .  . 
Macon. .  .  . 
Macoupin . 
Madison.  . 


Marion 

Marshall 

Mason 

Massac , 

Menard 

Mercer 

Monroe 

Montgomery , 

Morgan 

Moultrie .... 

Ogle 

Peoria 

Perry 

Piatt 

Pike 


Pope 

Pulaski 

Putnam 
Randolph . .  . 
Richland. . .  . 
Rock  Island. 

Saline 

Sangamon .  . 
Schuyler 

Scott 

Shelby 

St.  Clair 

Stark 

Stephenson . 
Tazewell. .  .  . 

Union 

Vermilion . .  , 
Wabash 

Warren 

Washington . 

Wayne 

White 

Will 

Whiteside. .  . 
Williamson . 
Winnebago . 
Woodford . .  . 


Coal,   clay   products,   sand  and   gravel 

Coal,   clay  products,   sand  and  gravel 

Coal,  clay  products,  natural  gas,  petroleum 

Coal,  clay  products,   stone,   sand  and   gravel,   lime,   pyrite,   min- 
eral   water,     petroleum 

Coal,    petroleum,    clay    products 

Coal 


Clay    products 

Clay    products 

Coal,    clay    products,    sand    and   gravel 

Coal,    clay    products,    sand    and   gravel 

Stone,    sand    and    gravel 

Coal,    clay    products 

Mineral  water,   clay  products,   petroleum,    natural   gas. 

Coal,    clay    products 

Sand  and  gravel,  quartz,  clay  products,  clay,  stone.... 
Coal,  sand  and  gravel,  clay  products,  mineral  water.. 
Coal      


Stone,    sand    and    gravel,    natural    gas,    clay    products,    mineral 

water 

Mineral    water 

Clay    products     

Coal      

Coal,  stone,  sand  and  gravel,   clay  products 


Sand  and  gravel,  clay  products,  coal,   lime,   mineral  water. 

Coal,    clay    products 

Coal,    clay    products 

Coal,    clay    products 

Clay    products,    clay,    coal 

Coal,   clay  products,   sand   and  gravel 

Coal,  stone,   clay  products,  sand  and  gravel 

Coal,    clay    products 

Stone,    clay    products 

Coal,   clay  products,   sand  and  gravel,   mineral   water 

Clay,    tripoli,    stone 

Coal,   clay  products,  stone,   pyrite,  sand  and  gravel 

Petroleum,    sand   and  gravel _. 

Clay    products,    coal 

Coal,    clay    products , 


Coal,  clay  products,  sand  and  gravel 

Clay  products,  sand  and  gravel,  stone,  coal,  lime. 

Sand  and  gravel,  stone,  clay  products 

Coal,    clay    products 

Sand   and    gravel,    stone,    lime 

Coal,    clay    products 


216,196 

550,770 

»6,062,259 

5,072,510 
1,519,692 

860,547 

(b) 

(b) 

271,400 

712,234 

28,056 

3,649,403 

62,203 

263,283 

158,116 
1,846,858 
2,744,198 


43,655 

(b) 

(b) 
1,047,053 
1,123,016 

267,423 

5,008,100 

6,604,211 

20,230 

73,990 

124,259 

5,012,024 

18,299 

6,928 

830,337 

299,365 

4,936,566 

204,342 

414,736 

819,324 

99,142 

1,380,891 

38,670 

9,643,059 

225,591 

345,192 


a  The  figures  for  natural  gas  for  certain  counties  have  been  estimated  since  some  com- 
panies have  no  way  of  dividing  the  total  figures  into  county  units.  An  approximation  of 
the  values  for  Clark,  Crawford,  Cumberland,  Lawrence,  and  Macoupin  counties  was  made  by 
dividing  the  totals  for  two  different  large  companies  into  the  proportion  of  the  number  of 
wells   in  each  county. 


b  Concealed,    fewer   than   three   producers   reporting   production. 


26 


YEARBOOK  FOB  1916 
COAL 


The  value  of  the  coal  produced  in  Illinois  in  1916  made  up  14.9  per 
cent  of  the  total  value  of  the  bituminous  coal  production  for  the  United 
States  and  45  per  cent  of  the  total  value. of  the  mineral  production  of  the 
State.  The  increase  of  tonnage  to  66,195,336  in  1916  represented  an  in- 
crease of  12.5  per  cent  over  the  1915  production  of  58,829,576  tons ;  and 
the  increase  in  the  value  of  output  to  $82,457,954  constituted  an  increase 
of  27.6  per  cent  over  the  1915  value  of  $64,622,471.  It  is  believed  that 
if  lack  of  cars  and  scarcity  of  labor  had  not  interfered,  the  production 
would  have  been  appreciably  larger,  for  the  demand  strengthened  notably 
during  the  latter  half  of  the  year.   Offsetting  the  scarcity  of  labor  to  some 


Production 


Resources 


Fig.  1. 


-Diagram  showing  the  relative  available  coal  resources  and  production 
of  the  leading  states,  1916.  The  source  of  the  data  on  resources  is 
Coal  Resources  of  the  World,  XII  International  Geological  Congress, 
1913. 


extent  was  the  increase  of  nearly  2  per  cent  in  the  average  daily  output  per 
man  and  an  increase  of  19  days,  or  more  than  10  per  cent,  in  the  working 
time,  which  acted  together  to  increase  the  average  annual  output  per  man 
from  778  to  876  tons. 

The  most  notable  feature  of  the  year  was  the  extension  of  the  markets 
for  Illinois  coal.  Normally  the  movement  is  to  the  west  and  north,  sup- 
plying Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  and  neighboring  states,  but  in  1916  because 
of  the  unsatisfied  demand  for  coal  east  of  the  Chicago  district,  coal  from 
Illinois  was  shipped  in  considerable  quantities  to  Michigan,  to  Ohio,  and 
to  Buffalo,  and  other  New  York  points,  where  it  was  used  as  industrial 
and  railroad  fuel.    In  addition  some  Illinois  coal  was  sold  in  Mississippi. 


MINERAL  RESOURCES  27 

The  ordinary  demand  for  Illinois  coal  from  the  states  northwest  was 
augmented  because  of  the  failure  of  the  usual  eastern  supply. 

Although  the  number  of  men  on  strike  in  1915  and  in  1916  differed 
but  little,  5,251  and  5,043  for  these  years,  respectively,  the  strike  periods 
were  shorter  in  1916,  amounting  to  only  55,416  days  as  compared  with 
276,458  days  in  1915,  and  the  average  number  of  days  lost  per  man  there- 
fore decreased,  from  53  in  1915  to  11  in  1916. 

On  April  1  of  the  "even"  years,  the  biennial  wage  agreements  expire, 
and  there  is  usually  a  protracted  period  beginning  in  April,  of  labor  sus- 
pension pending  the  settlement  of  new  wage  scales.  The  failure  of  the 
customary  "even"  year  strikes  to  materialize  in  1916  accounts  therefore 
for  the  better  strike  record  in  that  year  than  in  1915.  And  further,  the 
relatively  small  amount  of  time  lost  because  of  labor  troubles  in  the 
spring  and  summer  did  not  cause  an  economic  loss  of  production,  as  in- 
dustries dependent  on  coal  had  realized  the  possibility  of  suspension  of 
mining  operations  and  had  stocked  quantities  ample  for  their  needs. 

Illinois  continued  to  hold  its  rank  of  third,  a  position  it  has  maintained 
since  1909,  when  it  yielded  its  second  place  to  West  Virginia.  In  total 
production  of  coal  since  1833,  when  its  mining  first  became  a  commercial 
industry,  Illinois  ranks  second  with  a  tonnage  of  1,148,130,432.  Pennsyl- 
vania holds  highest  rank,  with  3,208,778,914  tons  of  bituminous  coal 
mined  since  1807  to  its  credit,  and  West  Virginia  follows  Illinois  with  a 
record  of  1,022,840,846  tons  mined  since  1863. 

In  total  available  resources,  the  rank  of  the  states  is  different,  Colo- 
rado leading,  followed  by  Illinois,  Kentucky,  West  Virginia,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania as  shown  graphically  in  figure  1. 

The  average  price  per  short  ton  of  Illinois  coal  at  the  mines  from 
1905  to  1916  is  given  in  Table  6. 

Table  6. — Average  vrice  ver  short  ton  of  Illinois  coal  at  mines,  1905-1916 

1905    $1.06 

1906    , 1.0S 

1907 1.07 

1908  1.05 

1909  1.05 

1910 1.14 

1911  1.11 

1912  1.17 

1913  1.14 

1914  1.12 

1915 1.09 

1916  1.25 


The  production  of  coal  by  counties  for  the  years  1905  to  1916  i 


s  given 


in  Table  7.    For  the  past  three  years  Franklin  County  has  held  first  rank 


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YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


its  output  in  1916  having  been  9,388,292  tons!;  Williamson  County  was  a 
close  second,  with  its  8,077,627  tons;  Macoupin  and  Sangamon  counties 
were  almost  tied  for  third  place,  with  more  than  5  million  tons  for  each ; 
and  Madison,  St.  Clair,  and  Saline  counties  produced  over  4  million  tons 
each. 

Table  8. — Production  of  coal  in  Illinois  by  counties  in  short  tons  in  1916 


County 


Loaded 

at  mines 

for  ship 

ment 


Sold  to 
local 
trade 
and  used 
by  em- 
ployees 


Used  at 
mines 

for 
steam 

and  heat 


Total 
quantity 


Total 
value 


Average 

value 

per  ton 


Average 

number 

of  days 

active 


Average 
number 
of  em- 
ployees 


Bureau 

Christian., 

Clinton 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Gallatin , .... 

Greene , 

Grundy 

Henry 

Jackson 

Knox 

LaSalle 

Livingston 

Logan 

McDonough 

Macoupin 

Madison 

Marion 

Menard 

Mercer 

Montgomery 

Peoria 

Perry 

Randolph 

Rock  Island 

St.  Clair 

Saline 

Sangamon 

Schuyler 

Shelby 

Stark. 

Tazewell 

Vermilion 

Washington..,  ... 

Williamson 

Other   counties* 
and  small  mines 


1,258,151 
2,348,261 
1,184,476 
9,095,314 
2,023,749 
61,962 


),914 


654, 142 
16 

676,474 
27, 174 

354,280 

350 

5,296.014 

3,999,467 

954, 473 

122.494 

241,307 
3,013,211 
1,189,229 
2,319,811 

915,117 


3,765,653 
4,023.759 
4,740,471 


61,815 

150 

322  332 

2,60U830 
617,660 

7,800,824 

1,526,462 


43,613 

123,618 
79, 799 
58,813 

107,294 
2,971 
2,953 
17,062 
42, 157 
95,764 
9,556 

332,236 
80,215 
87.728 
13,277 
70,629 
97,660 
15,871 
32.610 
19,814 
22,471 

104,854 
95,933 
31,018 
32,629 

273,396 
46,883 

263,498 
8,115 
13,523 
7,613 
58, 544 

186.465 
60, 135 
67.870 

479,570 


State  totals,...  61,486,342  3,086,157  1,622,837  66,195,336  $82,457,954 


38,254 

44,454 

43,437 

234,165 

59,907 

2,000 

10 

17,818 

2,345 

22,882 

325 

42.190 

3,320 

23,151 

300 

125,573 

76,460 

28,765 

4,232 

13,571 

40, 030 

13,817 

58,829 

18,954 

951 

133,648 

82,874 

125,001 


2.935 

250 

4,735 

45,614 

16.673 

208,933 

86,431 


1,340,018 

2.516,336 

1,307,712 

9,388,292 

2,190.950 

66,933 

2,963 

324,794 

44,502 

772,788 

9,897 

1,050,900 

110,709 

465, 159 

13,927 

5,492,216 

4,173,587 

999,109 

159, 336 

274,692 

3,075,712 

1,307,900 

2,474,573 

965,089 

33, 580 

4,172,697 

4,153,516 

5,128,970 

8,115 

78,273 

8.013 

385,611 

2,833,909 

694, 468 

8,077.627 

2,092,463 


$2,371,785 

2,835,806 

1,379,455 

12,590,987 

3,196,858 

132,023 

6,086 

658,417 

85.367 

953, 174 

18,525 

1,955.214 

173,472 

675,814 

29,922 

5,764,789 

4,487,745 

1,061,948 

254,250 

441,611 

3,588,721 

1,737,588 

2,744,198 

1.088,811 

61,769 

4,561,588 

4,965,770 

6.341,221 

17,230 

116,324 

16,186 

540,666 

3.503.930 

808,615 

9,621,744 

3,670,345 


$1.77 
1.13 
1.05 
1.34 
1.46 
1.97 
2,06 
2.00 
1.92 
1.23 
1.87 
1.86 
1.57 
1.45 
2.15 
1.05 
1.08 
1.06 
1,60 
1.61 
1.17 
1.33 
1.11 
1.13 
1.85 
1.09 
1.20 
1.24 
2.12 
1.48 
2.02 
1.40 
1.24 
1.16 
1.19 


$1.5 


230 

187 


127 
119 

205 
242 

221 
236 
201 
243 
202 
173 
194 
195 
220 
201 
232 
185 
224 
193 
186 
158 
169 
192 
179 
189 
172 
132 
240 
213 
232 
198 


2,667 

2,999 

1,554 

8,726 

3,021 

56 

19 

727 

88 

961 

26 

1,952 

174 

641 

22 

5,658 

3.898 

1,050 

209 

365 

3,271 

1,530 

2,486 

1,183 

78 

4.934 

4, 030 

6,269 

27 

127 

30 

467 

3,218 

626 


3,755 


75,538 


aBond,  Hancock,    Johnson,   McLean,  Macon,    Marshall,   Moultrie,  Putnam,   Scott,   Warren, 
White,  Will,  and  Woodford. 

Figure  2  shows  graphically  not  only  the  increases  in  tonnage  and 
value  of  coal  produced  since  1905,  but  includes  as  well  interesting  com- 
parative data  on  the  number  of  mines  and  the  tonnage  mined  by  machine 
for  the  same  period.  The  increasing  distance  between  the  curve  for  ton- 
nage and  that  for  value  as  1916  is  approached  represents  the  advance  in 
price  per  ton  of  coal  at  the  mines,  as  given  in  Table  6. 

Although  the  number  of  mines  fluctuates  from  year  to  year,  the  tend- 
ency is  clearly  toward  a  decrease  which  is  conspicuous  in  view  of  the 
marked  increase  in  tonnage. 

A  number  of   factors  probably  combine  to  bring  about  this  result. 


MINERAL  RESOURCES 


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R    ( 

DF 

MIN 

ES 

20 

/ 

/ 

,oo 

/ 

8 

/ 

10 

^J 

/ 

yT 

ONS   MINED    B 

Y 

o 

M 

ACh 

HINE 

19 

i 

Jb 

t 

r 

J 

J 

i 

1 

0 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

1 

4 

1 

5 

1 

5 

Fig.  2. — Diagram  showing  production  and  value  of  coal  mined 
in  Illinois,  tonnage  mined  by  machine,  and  total 
number  of  coal  mines,  1916. 


32 


YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 


Among  those  which  are  to  be  classed  as  evidences  of  increasing  efficiency 
are  the  extension  of  the  use  of  machines  for  mining,  the  effects  of  which 
in  increasing  tonnage  are  illustrated  by  one  of  the  curves  of  figure  2 ;  and 
the  substitution  of  a  few  large  well-organized  mines  for  numbers  of 
smaller  ones. 

Another  influence  in  driving  many  mines  out  of  existence  has  been  a 
steady  decline  in  the  margin  of  profit.  The  remarkable  development  of 
coal  carrying  and  low  ton-mile  rates  made  for  long  railroad  hauls  has 
permitted  the  more  cheaply  produced  eastern  coals  to  move  into  Illinois 
and  set  prices  that  are  too  low  to  give  much  profit  and  therefore  too  low 
to  permit  efficient  development  of  many  of  the  mines.  The  ease  of  open- 
ing new  mines  in  the  State  causes  scores  of  them  to  spring  up  with  every 

Table  9. — Statistics  of  the  manufacture  of  coke  in  Illinois,  1905-1916 


Establish- 
ments 

Ovens 

Coal  used 

Yield 
of  coal 
in  coke 

Coke 
produced 

Total 

value  of 

coke  at 

ovens 

Value  of 
coke  at 

Year 

Built 

Building- 

ovens 
per  ton 

1905 

5 
4 
5 
6 
5 
5 
4 
6 
4 
4 
4 
4 

275 

309 

309 

430 

468 

508 

506 

594 

568 

a586 

C626 

C626 

'280 
140 
40 

"48 
40 
58 

t>40 

Short  tons 

16,821 

362, 163 

514,983 

503,359 

1,682,122 

1,972,955 

2,087,870 

•   2,316,307 

2,481,198 

1,932,132 

2,335.933 

3.182,650 

Percent 
61.3 
74.2 
72.3 
72.0 
^5.9 
76.8 
77.1 
76.2 
74.9 
73.8 
72.2 
72.9 

Short  tons 

10,307 

268,693 

372,697 

362, 182 

1,276,956 

1,514,504 

1,610,212 

1,764,944 

1,859,553 

1,425,168 

1,686,998 

2,320,400 

$      27, 681 
1,205,462 
1,737,464 
1,538,952 
5.361,510 
6,712,550 
6,390,251 
8, 069, 903 
8,593,581 
5,858,700 
7,016,635 

10,619,066 

$2.69 

1906 

4.48 

1907 

4.66 

1908 

4.25 

1909 

4.20 

1910 

4.43 

1911 

3.97 

1912.. 

4.57 

1913 

4.62 

1914 

4.11 

1915 

4.16 

1916 

4.57 

a  Includes   253    Semet-Solvay,    315   Koppers,  and  18  Wilputte  ovens. 

b  Semet-Solvay  ovens. 

c  Includes   293    Semet-Solvay,    315   Koppers,  and  18  Wilputte  ovens. 

period  of  unusual  prosperity,  but  with  the  slack  spring  and  summer  sea- 
son, or  the  return  of  normal  or  subnormal  prosperity,  the  effort  of  each 
of  the  many  operators  to  keep  his  own  mine  going  even  at  a  slight  loss  re- 
sults in  excessive  and  really  unfair  competition.  Proper  organization  or 
consolidation  could  of  course  partly  remedy  such  difficulties,  but  to  a  cer- 
tain extent  they  have  been  unavoidable,  due  to  failure  of  the  public  to  lay 
in  winter  supplies  during  slack  seasons,  partly  due  to  the  fallacious  idea 
that  Illinois  coal  cannot  be  stocked  satisfactorily;  and  therefore  labor 
rates  have  had  to  be  high  to  cover  the  consequent  period  of  summer 
idleness,  even  though  the  mines  were  reduced  to  a  number  more  in 
keeping  with  the  demand.  Thus  the  decline  in  the  margin  of  profit  to 
which  these  conditions  have  led  is  a  feature  that  is  injurious  to  the  inter- 
ests of  both  producer  and  consumer,  if  carried  too  far,  because  except  for 
the  strongly  capitalized  companies,  operators  are  not  able  with  their 
profits  to  invest  money  in  many  improvements  which  would  make  for  effi- 
ciency and  eventually  for  greater  profit. 


MINERAL   RESOURCES 


33 


COKE 

Because  of  the  81  per  cent  increase  in  West  Virginia's  coke  produc- 
tion in  1916,  Illinois  gave  up  its  fourth  rank  to  that  State.  The  states  of 
preceding  rank,  in  order  of  importance,  were  Pensylvania,  Alabama,  In- 
diana, and  West  Virginia.  The  same  four  establishments  as  have  con- 
tributed all  the  coke  made  in  this  State  for  the  past  four  years  continued 
to  operate — the  South  Chicago,  Waukegan,  and  two  Joliet  plants.  Statis- 
tics of  the  manufacture  of  coke  in  Illinois  from  1905  to  1916  make  up 
Table  9. 

PIG  IRON 

The  period  of  intense  activity  in  the  country's  iron  industry  which 
began  in  the  last  half  of  1915,  stimulated  by  the  war  in  Europe,  and  con- 
tinued throughout  1916,  is  reflected  in  Illinois  statistics  by  the  record- 
breaking  output  of  3,857,391  tons  of  pig  iron  valued  at  $67,764,309.  The 
average  percentage  of  increase  in  output  and  value  for  the  United  States, 
amounting  to  29  per  cent  and  65  per  cent,  respectively,  is  even  exceeded  by 
Illinois'  gains  of  57  per  cent  and  98  per  cent  for  quantity  and  value  of  pig 
iron  produced  in  1916,  as  compared  with  1915. 

Table  10  shows  the  annual  production  of  pig  iron  for  the  past  ten 
years.  The  State  maintained  its  usual  rank  of  third  among  the  states  in 
1916,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  alone  preceding  it. 

Table  10. — Production  in  long  tons  and  value  of  pig  iron  in  Illinois,  1907-1916 


Average 

Average 

Year 

Quantity 

Value 

price  per 
ton 

Year 

Quantity 

Value 

price  per 

ton 

1907 

2, 457, 768 

$52,229,000 

$21.25 

1912 

2,806,378 

$42,828,816 

$15.26 

1908 

1,691,944 

30,135,000 

17.81 

1913 

2,892.263 

45,796,966 

15.83 

1909 

2,467,156 

44,211,000 

17.92 

1914 

1,793,714 

24,382,458 

13.59 

1910 

2,675,646 

42,917,362 

15.91 

1915 

2,455,894 

34,207,901 

13.93 

1911 

2,036,081 

31,152,927 

15.30 

1916 

3,857,391 

67,764,309 

17.57 

The  ore  from  which  the  pig  iron  was  manufactured  came  as  usual 
from  Lake  Superior  ports ;  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota  each 
contributing  a  part  of  the  7,740,877  tons  received  at  South  Chicago,  the 
Illinois  port  on  Lake  Michigan.  Of  the  24  blast  furnaces  operating  in 
1916,  twenty  are  at  South  Chicago  and  the  remaining  four  at  Joliet. 


PETROLEUM 

Illinois  has  been  one  of  the  important  contributors  to  the  petroleum 
supply  of  the  United  States  since  1906,  its  output  in  190S  reaching  a  max- 


34  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

mum  of  nearly  34,000,000  barrels.  Since  that  year,  its  production  has  de- 
clined at  an  average  rate  of  6  per  cent  a  year,  amounting  in  1916  to  about 
53  per  cent  of  the  maximum. 

That  the  output  of  petroleum  in  Illinois  in  1916  was  17,714,235  bar- 
rels, a  loss  of  1,327,460  barrels,  or  7  per  cent  as  compared  with  1915,  is 
to  be  accounted  for  by  the  failure  of  the  drilling  campaign  in  1916  to  dis- 
cover enough  new  production  to  offset  the  deficit  resulting  from  the  nor- 
mal decline  of  the  old  wells. 

Market  conditions  were  never  better  than  in  1916,  the  average  price 
per  barrel  for  Illinois  oil  in  1916  being  $1.65,  compared  with  98  cents  the 
year  before.  As  a  consequence  of  this  gain  of  68  per  cent  in  average 
price,  the  market  value  of  the  entire  output  of  Illinois  oil  in  1916  was 
$29,237,168,  a  sum  greater  than  the  value  of  the  production  in  any  other 
year,  the  year  of  maximum  yield,  1908,  included. 

The  incentive  provided  by  the  advancing  market  for  Illinois  oil  in  the 
early  months  of  1916  and  again  near  the  end  of  the  year  resulted  in  the 
completion  of  1,461  new  wells,  compared  with  only  757  in  1915.  Of 
these,  1,107  or  76  per  cent,  were  credited  with  an  average  initial  pro- 
duction of  22  barrels  of  oil,  36  produced  gas  only,  and  318,  an  average  of 
2  in  every  9  drilled,  were  barren.  The  ratio  of  dry  holes  to  total  com- 
pletions in  1916  is  an  improvement  over  that  of  5  to  19  maintained  in 
1915. 

In  the  "shallow-sand"  district  of  Cumberland,  Coles,  Clark,  Edgar, 
and  Jasper  counties,  a  total  of  307  wells,  including  258  oil  wells,  7  gas 
wells,  and  42  dry  holes,  was  completed.  The  average  initial  capacity  of  the 
new  oil  wells  was  16  barrels,  a  loss  of  3  barrels  compared  with  the  aver- 
age in  1915.  Considerable  effort  was  directed  to  the  quest  for  extension  of 
the  "shallow-sand"  district  both  to  the  north  into  Ashmore  Township, 
Coles  County,  and  to  the  east  into  Dolson  and  Martinsville  townships, 
Clark  County ;  but  advance  tests  in  these  directions  were  failures. 

The  "deep-sand"  fields  of  Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties  were 
the  centers  of  the  greatest  activity  in  drilling  in  Illinois  in  1916,  as  indi- 
cated by  the  fact  that  55  per  cent  of  the  wells  completed  were  in  these 
counties.  Of  815  wells  completed  in  these  counties  603,  or  74  per  cent, 
were  credited  with  an  average  initial  output  of  26  barrels  of  oil  each ;  26 
were  gas  wells ;  and  186,  an  average  of  about  2  in  every  9,  were  failures. 
Most  of  the  drilling  was  restricted  by  necessity  to  proved  areas,  as  efforts 
to  find  extensions  and  new  territory  of  worth  were  disappointing. 

In  the  Allendale  pool,  Wabash  Township,  Wabash  County,  29  wells 
were  completed  in  1916.  Seventeen  were  oil  wells  credited  with  a  com- 
bined yield  of  2,325  barels,  or  an  average  of  137  barrels  each.  Wildcat 
tests  seeking  extensions  of  this  "spotted"  pool  toward  the  south  and  west 
were  unsuccessful. 


MINERAL  RESOURCES 


35 


The  Sandoval  pool,  in  Sandoval  Township,  Marion  County,  sup- 
ported an  active  development  in  1916  that  resulted  in  the  completion  of 
18  oil  wells,  with  an  average  initial  capacity  of  11.5  barrels  each,  and  8 
dry  holes. 

Drilling  activity  in  Clinton  County  in  1916  resulted  in  the  completion 
of  11  oil  wells  and  23  dry  holes.  The  completion  in  January,  as  an  oil 
well,  of  a  test  on  the  Hofrsomier  farm,  in  sec.  12,  Breese  Township,  about 
3  miles  west  of  the  Carlyle  pool,  resulted  in  the  drilling  or  additional  tests 
and  the  partial  development  of  a  small  but  "spotted"  pool  in  this  locality. 

The  Carlinville  pool,  in  Brushy  Mound  Township,  passed  a  feature- 
less year,  no  new  wells  having  been  completed  in  1916.  Further  drilling 
on  the  Staunton  dome,  in  Dorchester  Township,  added  3  gas  wells  to  the 
gas  field  opened  in  1915  on  this  structure.  Arrangements  were  completed 
for  the  utilization  of  the  gas  from  this  field,  and  a  pipe  line  was  laid  to 


Table  11. — Marketed    production    of    petroleum    in    Illinois,    1889-1916 


Percent- 

Increase or  decrease 

Yearly 

Year 

Marketed 
production 

age  of 
total  pro- 

Value 

average 

price  per 

duction 

Barrels 

Per  cent 

barrel 

1889 

1,460 

$     4,906 
3,000 

$3,360 
3.333 

1890 

900 

—      560 

— . 

38.36 

1891 

675 

—      225 

— ■ 

25.00 

2,363 

3.500 

1892 

521 

—      154 

— 

22.81 

1,823 

3.500 

1893 

400 

—      121 

— 

23.22 

1,400 

3.500 

1894 

300 

—      100 

— 

25.00 

1,800 

6.000 

1895 

200 

—      100 

— 

33.33 

1,200 

6.000 

1896 

250 

+       50 

+ 

25.00 

1,250 

5.000 

1897 

500 

+      250 

+ 

100.00 

2,000 

4.000 

1898 

360 

—      140 

— 

28.00 

1,800 

5.000 

1899 

360 

200 

1,800 
1.000 

5.000 

1900 

—      160 

— 

44.44 

5.000 

1901 

250 

+       50 

+ 

25.00 

1,250 

5.000 

1902 

200 

—       50 

_ 

20.00 

1,000 

5  000 

1903 

—      200 

. 

100.00 

1904 

0.13 
3.47 

1905 

181,084 
4,397,050 

+   181,084 
+  4,215,966 

116,561 
3,274,818 

.644 

1906 

+  2,328.18 

.745 

1907 

24,281,973 

14.62 

+  19,884,923 

+ 

452.23 

16.432,947 

.677 

1908 

33,686,238 

18.87 

+  9,404,265 

-L 

38.73 

22,649,561 

.672 

1909 

30,898,339 

16.87 

—  2,787,899 



8.28 

19,788,864 

.640 

1910 

33,143,362 

15.82 

+  2,244,923 

+ 

7.27 

19,669.383 

.593 

1911 

31,317,038 

14.21 

—  1,826,224 

— . 

5.51 

19.734,339 

.639 

1912 

28,601,308 

12.83 

—  2,715,730 

— 

8.67 

24,332,605 

.851 

1913 

23,893,899 

9.62 

—  4,707,409 

. 

16.45 

30,971.910 

1.296 

1914 

21,919,749 

8.25 

—  1,974,150 



8.26 

25,426,179 

1.160 

1915 

19,041,695 

6.77 

—  2,878,054 



13.13 

18,655,850 

.980 

1916 

17,714,235 

5.89 

—  1,327,460 

— 

6.97 

29.237,168 

1.650 

269,082,546 

6,869 

230,316,777 

856 

36 


YEARBOOK   FOR    1916 


Staunton,  Edwardsville,  Marysville,  Collinsville,  and  Belleville. 

The  proved  area  of  the  Hoing  and  Hamm  pools  in  the  Colmar  dis- 
trict was  essentially  drilled  up  by  the  completion  in  1916  of  211  wells,  186 
of  which  produced  an  average  of  10  barrels  of  oil  each,  the  first  24  hours 
after  completion.  In  efforts  to  extend  this  field  25  dry  holes  were  drilled 
in  McDonough  County  alone. 

Persistent  efforts  to  extend  the  Colmar  field  westward  into  Hancock 
County  were  rewarded  in  1916  by  the  discovery  and  partial  development 
of  a  small  pool  of  oil  on  the  Aleshire  farm,  in  sees.  24  and  13.  St.  Marys 
Township. 

NATURAL  GAS 

It  is  estimated  that  3,533,701,000  cubic  feet  of  natural  gas  was  pro- 
duced and  consumed  in  Illinois  in  1916,  this  production  representing  an 
increase  of  31  per  cent  over  the  output  in  1915. 

The  gain  is  accounted  for  in  part  by  the  increased  utilization  of 
southeastern  oil-field  gas  for  the  manufacture  of  gasoline,  and  in  part  by 
the  new  production  from  the  Staunton  gas  field  in  which  gas  was  discov- 
ered in  1915,  though  not  distributed  to  consumers  until  late  in  1916. 

The  market  value  of  the  gas  in  1916  was  $396,357,  an  increase  of 
only  13  per  cent  over  the  market  value  of  the  output  in  1915,  in  spite  of 
the  large  increase  in  quantity.  Explanation  of  the  decrease  in  value — 
from  an  average  of  13.02  cents  per  thousand  in  1915  to  11.22  cents  in 
1916 — lies  to  some  extent  in  a  general  reduction  in  price  for  both  domestic 
and  industrial  consumers,  but  chiefly  in  the  greater  relative  consumption 
of  gas  for  industrial  uses  in  1916  than  in  other  recent  years. 

The  following  list  contains  the  names  of  cities  and  towns  in  Illinois 
which  were  either  wholly  or  in  part  supplied  with  natural  gas  in  the  year 
1916: 


Annapolis 

Duncanville 

Lawrenceville 

Palestine 

Belleville 

Eaton 

Marshall 

Pinkstaff 

Birds 

Edwardsville 

Martinsville 

Robinson 

Bridgeport 

Flat  Rock 

New  Hebron 

Staunton 

Carlinville 

Greenville 

Oblong 

Stoy 

Casey 

Heyworth 

Olney 

Sumner 

Collinsville 

Hutsonville 

Of  this  list  Hey  worth  is  the  only  one  using  natural  gas  from  drift 
wells,  all  the  others  obtaining  their  supplies  from  Mississippian  and 
Pennsylvanian  sands.  Belleville,  Collinsville,  Edwardsville,  and  Staun- 
ton are  supplied  by  the  Staunton  gas  field ;  a  small  pool  in  Bond  County 
affords  gas  for  Greenville ;  and  the  other  towns  all  use  gas  from  the  south- 
eastern Illinois  oil  fields. 


MINERAL   RESOURCES 


37 


Table  12. — Record   of  natural   gas   industry   in   Illinois,   1906-1916 


Gas  produced 

Gas  consumed 

Wells 

Year 

Number 
of 

pro- 
ducers 

Value 

Number  of  con-. 
sumers 

Value 

Drilled 

Produc- 
tive 

Domestic 

Industrial 

Gas 

Dry 

Dec.  31 

1906 

66 
128 
185 
194 
207 
225 
223 
231 
235 
221 
218 

$87,211 
143.577 
446.077 
644, 401 
613,642 
687,726 
616,467 
574,015 
437,275 
350, 371 
396,357 

1,429 

2,126 

a7,377 

a8,458 

alO, 109 

al0,078 

al0,691 

al0.423 

a8,952 

a«,610 

al4,485 

2 

61 
a204 
a518 
a261 
*293 
a212 
a279 
ai53 
ai34 
ai21 

$87,211 
•   143,577 
a446, 077 
a644, 401 
a613,642 
a687, 726 
a616,467 
a574,015 
a437, 275 
a350,371 
a.^96.357 

94 
121 
56 
64 
69 
56 
60 
38 
28 
36 

ii' 

42 
11 
31 
78 
147 
119 
114 
67 
126 

200 

1907 

1908 

283 
400 

1909 

423 

1910 

458 

1911 

458 

1912 

453 

1913 

455 

1914 

417 

1915 

378 

1916 

343 

aIncludes  number  of  consumers  and  value  of  gas  consumed  in  Vincennes,  Indiana 

NATURAL-GAS  GASOLINE 
As  the  natural-gas  gasoline  industry  is  one  of  the  most  effective  move- 
ments in  the  direction  of  true  conservation  of  natural  gas  that  has  ever 
been  undertaken  in  this  country,  it  is  gratifying  to  see  that  the  quantity 
of  gas  treated  in  this  State  is  increasing  rapidly  each  year.  In  spite  of  the 
118  per  cent  increase  in  marketed  production  in  1916  over  that  for  1915, 
Illinois  produced  only  2.2  per  cent  of  the  country's  output,  and  conse- 
quently ranks  relatively  low — sixth  among  the  states. 

Three  of  the  32  plants  were  absorption  plants  installed  by  one  com- 
pany in  Lawrence  County  during  the  year.  An  average  of  1.69  gallons 
of  gasoline  was  obtained  for  each  thousand  cubic  feet  treated  in  1916,  a 
net  decrease  of  .60  gallons  per  thousand  cubic  feet  from  the  average  in 
1915.  This  decrease  does  not  indicate  a  diminution  in  the  content  of  gas- 
oline vapors  of  Illinois  gas  or  loss  of  efficiency  in  the  operating  gasoline 
plants  ;  rather  it  represents  an  encouraging  increase  in  the  use  of  lean  gas 
for  manufacture  of  gasoline.  The  statistical  effect  of  the  use  of  lean  gas 
is  of  course  to  increase  the  volume  treated,  and  to  lower  the  average  re- 
covery of  gasoline  per  unit  volume  of  gas,  but  to  give  a  net  increase  in 
total  production  and  at  the  same  time  to  better  conserve  the  gas. 

Table  13. — Production  of  gasoline  from  natural  gas  in  Illinois,  1913-1916 


1913 

1914 

1915 

1916 

Number  of  plants 

12 

581.171 

$67,106 

11.54 

160,304 

3.63 

14 

1,164,178 

$100,331 

8.62 

462,321 

2.52 

16 

1,035,204 

$80,049 

7.73 

552.054 

2.29 

32 

Quantity    

Value    

gal. 

2,260,288 

$262,664 

11.58 

1,338,594 

1.69 

Price    per    gallon.  .  . 

Gas   used 

Average  yield  per  M 

cents 

.M   cu.   ft. 
cu.  ft.  gal. 

38 


YEARBOOK   FOR   1916 


ASPHALT 

No  deposits  of  natural  asphaltic  material  are  known  in  Illinois.  Cer- 
tain grades  of  crude  petroleum  produced  in  this  State  are,  however,  util- 
ized as  sources  of  manufactured  asphalt.  In  1916  four  refineries  utiliz- 
ing Illinois  oil  produced  and  sold  155,406  short  tons  of  manufactured 
asphalt,  valued  at  the  plants  at  $1,285,470,  the  greater  part  of  which  was 
marketed  for  use  in  oiling  roads  and  as  a  flux.  One  additional  refinery 
located  in  this  State  manufactured  asphalt  from  petroleum  obtained  from 
Kansas  and  Oklahoma. 

CLAY- WORKING  INDUSTRIES 

Clay 

In  1915  Illinois  had  dropped  from  fifth  to  sixth  rank  in  quantity  of 
clay  mined,  although  in  the  value  of  production  it  had  maintained  its 
sixth  rank  of  the  previous  year.  In  1916,  advances  were  so  large  (see 
Table  14)  as  to  permit  the  State  to  regain  its  fifth  rank  for  quantity  and 

Table  14. — Production  in  short  tons,  and  value  of  clay  mined  and  marketed  in 

Illinois,  1902-1916 


Year 


Fire  clay 


Quantity       Value 


1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 
1915 
1916 


Other  clays 


Quantity       Value 


(a) 

(a) 

36,239 

$  38,027 

55,922 

43,863 

50,922 

53,726 

44,989 

50,793 

66,525 

55^545 

39,075 

47,039 

45,806 

73,884 

82,878 

111,078 

71,479 

91,623 

92,963 

110,204 

106,216 

125,477 

125,071 

138,876 

93,888 

120,008 

131,658 

327,666 

Total 


Quantity       Value 


(a) 

(a)- 

52,152 

34,799 

$35,815 

71,038 

33,043 

27,223 

88,965 

76,806 

66,684 

127,728 

94,715 

81,479 

139,704 

57,250 

50,158 

123,775 

78,007 

67,443 

117,082 

98,254 

76,984 

144,060 

105,925 

79,818 

188,803 

111,357 

92,203 

182,836 

83,595 

82,4.59 

176,558 

88,721 

78,560 

194,937 

36,013 

29,478 

161,084 

70,016 

49,312 

163,904 

66,043 

50,774 

197,701 

$  38,463 
73,842 
71,086 
120,410 
131,272 
105,703 
114,482 
150,868 
190,896 
183,826 
192,663 
204,037 
168,354 
169,320 
378,440 


a  Concealed    in    "Total." 

to  achieve  similar  rank  for  value  of  output.  The  increase  of  20  per  cent 
in  quantity,  and  112  per  cent  in  value  is  not  typical  of  the  percentage  of 
increase  for  all  or  even  many  of  the  clay-producing  counties.  In  fact,  of 
eight    counties  reporting    production,    three    suffered    actual    decreases, 


MINERAL    RESOURCES  39 

and  three  had  only  minor  increases.  La  Salle  County  enjoyed  33  per 
cent  and  43  per  cent  increases  in  quantity  and  value,  respectively,  but 
Union  County  made  phenomenal  advances  of  157  per  cent  and  84  per 
cent  for  tonnage  and  value  of  clay  mined. 

The  opening  up  of  the  exceptionally  fine  deposits  of  refractory  clay 
described  in  the  following  report  of  this  volume  is  responsible  for  the 
Union  County  increases,  and  indeed  in  large  measure  for  the  State's  ad- 
vance as  well. 

La  Salle  County  yielded  its  first  position  in  value  of  clay  produced 
to  Union  County,  but  maintained  its  leadership  for  tonnage,  McDonough 
following  it  and  preceding  Union  County.  The  La  Salle  County  clay 
comes  from  a  highly  refractory  bed  in  the  Pottsville  formation;  Mc- 
Donough, Greene,  and  Scott  counties  mine  the  Cheltenham  fire  clay, 
in  the  Pottsville  formation.  Stoneware  clay  to  the  value  of  $24,970 
was  reported  from  Greene  and  McDonough  counties,  and  a  very  small 
amount  of  medicinal  clay  from  Ogle  County. 

Clay  Products 

In  total  value  of  clay  products,  Illinois  continued  to  rank  fourth,  a 
position  it  has  held  since  1907.  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey  are 
the  states  of  higher  rank,  named  in  order  of  importance.  Considering 
only  brick  and  tile  products,  Illinois  now  ranks  third,  having  displaced 
New  Jersey  from  that  position.  In  both  branches  of  the  industry,  there 
was  increase  over  1915,  amounting  to  about  19  per  cent  for  each. 

Almost  every  variety  of  clay  product  was  manufactured.  In  value 
and  quantity  of  common  brick,  the  State  ranked  first,  as  it  has  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  and  in  value  of  architectural  terra  cotta  it  rose  from  second 
place  in  1915  to  first  in  1916.  In  quantity  and  value  of  vitrified  brick  it 
continued  to  stand  second ;  in  the  value  of  front  brick  and  draintile, 
fourth;  and  in  the  value  of  sewerpipe  and  fireproofing,  fifth. 

Of  the  102  counties  in  Illinois,  70  reported  production  of  one  or  more 
varieties  of  clay  products.  As  usual,  Cook  County  led  with  a  total  value 
of  $236,805  for  pottery,  including  red  earthenware,  stoneware,  and  sani- 
tary ware,  and  of  $6,395,608  for  brick  and  tile  products,  including  com- 
mon brick,  architectural  terra  cotta,  fireproofing,  and  floor  tile.  These 
values  constitute  36  per  cent  of  the  State  value.  La  Salle,  Vermilion,  and 
Knox  counties  rank  second,  third,  and  fourth,  respectively,  the  value  of 
production  for  each  being  about  6  per  cent  of  the  State  total. 

Fire  brick,  fireproofing,  draintile,  and  front  brick  are  the  principal 
products  of  La  Salle  County  ;  common  brick,  vitrified  paving  brick  and 
front  brick  for  Vermilion  County  ;  and  vitrified  brick  for  Knox  County. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  whereas  last  year  no  county  except  Cook 
reached  the  half-million-dollar  mark,  in  191(5  three  counties  besides  Cook 


40 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


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MINERAL  RESOURCES 


41 


surpassed  the  million-dollar  mark,  and  four  more  were  credited  with  al- 
most that  value  of  clay  products. 

Common  brick  again  surpassed  all  other  clay  products,  its  value 
comprising  38  per  cent  of  the  State  total.  Cook  County  led  with  69  per 
cent  of  the  total  value  for  common  brick,  the  same  per  cent  as  for  the 
preceding  year.  Figure  3  shows  graphically  the  relative  production  of  the 
leading  counties. 

Of  second  importance  was  vitrified  brick,  chiefly  paving  blocks,  mak- 
ing up  14  per  cent  of  the  total  for  clay  products,  most  of  which  was  from 


Table  16. — Production  and  value  of  brick  and  draintile  in  Illinois,  by  counties, 

1916 


County 


Common  Brick 


Thousands        Value 


Draintile 


Value 


Other 

Brick 

and  Tile 

Products 


Value 


Total 
Value 


Adams 

Bureau 

Christian 

Cook 

Edwards 

Fulton 

Gallatin 

Grundy 

Hancock 

Henry 

Iroquois 

Kane 

La   Salle 

Lee 

Livingston 

Logan 

McDonough. . .  . 

McLean 

Madison 

Montgomery.  .  .  . 

Morgan 

St.    Clair 

Sangamon 

Tazewell 

Vermilion 

White 

Other    counties1 

State    Totals. 


4,357 
2,392 

980 

833,164 

1,976 

7,925 

263 

29 

352 

296 

105 

1,239 

2,080 

200 

12,330 

420 

1,425 

2,354 

11,219 

137 

1,289 

19,535 

5,307 

17,539 

66,895 

1,125 

187,440 


;       30,505 

15,422 

7,138 

4,623,480 

12,498 

42,875 

1,950 

292 

3,073 

2,170 

871 

8,055 

14,658 

1,700 

91,468 

2,900 

10,100 

15,080 

80,635 

1,100 

10,585 

151,120 

37,982 

87,695 

435  869 

7,850 

1,041,081 


1.182,473 


5,738,152 


$   54,061 
10,724 

2,500 

8,000 

2,500 
61,520 
11,801 

2,480 
42,560 
41,262 
171,213 
25,200 
46,207 

2,587 
86,350 

1,800 
20,300 

4,040 
10,252 

39,390 

12,290 

2,000 

13,650 

527.778 


$1,200,465 


;         1,570 
119,263 

1,772,128 
232,170 

500 
10,816 
22,667 

2,800 

2.951 
935,1H 

759,952 

315,959 

4,635 

324,694 

55,542 


62,497 

185,618 

51,753 

661,657 

350 

3,046,595 


32,075 

188,746 

17,862 

6,395,608 

247,168 

50,875 

4,950 

72,628 

37.541 

7,450 

43,431 

52,268 

1,120,982 

26,900 

897,627 

5,487 

412,409 

21,515 

425,629 

60,682 

20,837 

213,617 

262,990 

151,738 

1,099,526 

21,850 

4,615,454 


$8,569,228 


$16,507,845 


a  Including:  Boone,  Cass,  Champaign,  Clinton,  DeWitt,  Douglas.  Dupage,  Edgar, 
Effingham,  Fayette,  Greene,  Hamilton,  Jackson,  Jersey,  Kankakee,  Knox,  Lake, 
Lawrence,  McHenry,  Macon,  Macoupin,  Marion,  Mason,  Massac,  Menard,  Mercer, 
Moultrie,  Ogle,  Peoria,  Pike,  Pulaski,  Randolph,  Rock  Island.  Saline,  Schuyler, 
Scott,  Shelby,  Stark,  Stephenson,  Warren,  Washington,  Will,  Williamson,  and 
Woodford. 


42 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


Knox  County.  Architectural  terra  cotta  ranked  third  with  an  11  per  cent 
value,  Cook  ranking  first  among  the  counties  in  its  production  with  four- 
fifths  of  the  total  production,  and  McHenry  second  with  almost  one-fifth. 
Fourth  in  monetary  importance  was  draintile,  its  value  comprising  7  per 
cent  of  the  total  for  clay  products.  La  Salle  County  led,  producing  17 
per  cent  of  the  State's  draintile ;  Kankakee  and  Greene  counties  were 
second  and  third,  with  12  and  11  per  cent,  respectively;  McDonough,  Mer- 
led  with  25  per  cent  of  the  pottery  value,  followed  by  McDonough,  Knox, 
cer,  Grundy,  and  Bureau  counties  followed  with  from  5  to  10  per  cent, 
and  39  other  counties  produced  less  than  5  per  cent. 


VALUE 


OF 


COMMON 


BRICK 
1916 


PRODUCTS 


IN 


ILLINOIS 


Other 
Counties 


Fig.  3.j — Diagram   showing   the   relative    production   of   common    brick   for   the 
leading  counties,  1916. 

Fifth  in  rank  according  to  value  was  pottery,  aggregating  6.4  per 
cent  of  the  State  value  for  all  clay  products.  In  this  class,  Warren  County 
and  Cook  counties,  each  with  a  little  more  than  20  per  cent  of  the  total 
pottery  value  to  its  credit. 

Stone 

Both  sandstone  and  limestone  are  produced  in  Illinois,  but  the  latter 
is  by  far  the  more  important  product,  valued  as  it  is  at  almost  100  times 
the  former.  That  a  part  of  the  stone  reported  as  sandstone  is  really  in  one 
instance  a  soft  granular  limestone,  and  in  another  flint  or  chert  makes  the 
relative  production  of  true  sandstone  even  smaller  than  is  apparent  from 
the  statistics.  Table  17  gives  the  value  of  the  production  of  both  varieties 
of  stone  for  the  years  1903  to  1916. 

In  value,  sandstone  production  decreased  7  per  cent,  limestone  pro- 
duction increased  16  per  cent,  and  the  combined  stone  production  of  the 


MINERAL  RESOURCES 


43 


Table  17. — Values  of  production  of  sandstone  and  limestone  in  Illinois,  1903-1916 


Tear 

Sandstone 

Limestone 

Year 

Sandstone 

Limestone 

1903 .... 

$26,293 
47,377 
29,115 
19,125 
14,996 
12,218 
26,891 

1 
$3,206,271 
3,151,890 
3,511,890 
2,942,331 
3,774,346 
3,122,552 
4,234,927 

1910 

$  5,710 
30,953 
32,720 
28,781 
72,738 
43,307 
40,343 

$3,847,715 
3,436,977 
3,808,784 

1904.  .  . . 

1911 

1905 

1912 

1906 

1913 

1914 

4,112,172 

1907 

2,861,340 
2,864,103 
3,362,751 

1908 

1909 

1915 

1916 

State  increased  17  per  cent  as  compared  with  1915.  In  view  of  the  de- 
cided decline  that  affected  the  limestone  industry  during  1914  and  1915, 
the  increases  noted  above  are  very  encouraging. 

As  usual  Cook  County  led  among  the  29  counties,  reporting  an  out- 
put valued  at  $1,991,830,  which  constituted  59  per  cent  of  the  State  total. 

The  four  counties  of  following  rank  were  Will,  St.  Clair,  Kankakee, 
and  Madison,  the  first  two  of  which  produced  7  per  cent  and  6  per  cent, 
respectively,  and  the  second  two  each  about  3  per  cent.  Vermilion  County, 
which  in  the  previous  year  had  ranked  third,  disappeared  from  among  the 
ten  leading  counties,  its  decline  doubtless  being  partly  a  result  of  the  clos- 
ing of  the  Universal  Portland  Cement  Company's  South  Chicago  plant, 
which  had  formerly  taken  large  quantities  of  stone  from  the  Fairmount 
quarries. 

The  accompanying  map  (fig.  4)  shows  in  graphic  form  the  distribu- 
tion of  high-  and  low-magnesian  limestones  in  the  State,  as  indicated  by 
the  hundred  odd  analyses  published  in  Survey  reports  or  found  in  the  Sur- 
vey's files.  As  the  map  shows  where  the  rocks  of  the  different  systems 
outcrop,  distribution  of  the  various  varieties  of  limestones  in  relation  to 
system  boundaries  gives  the  basis  for  a  number  of  interesting  generaliza- 
tions. For  example,  the  limestones  of  the  Silurian  system  of  rocks  are 
apparently  consistently  high-magnesian,  those  of  the  Mississippian  and 
Devonian  are  almost  as  consistently  low-magnesian,  and  those  of  the 
Ordovician,  although  in  most  instances  high-magnesian,  are  locally  so 
low  in  magnesium  content  as  to  rival  the  Mississippian  limestones.  Con- 
versely, Silurian  and  most  Ordovician  limestones  are  low-calcium,  for  the 
percentage  of  minerals  other  than  calcium  and  magnesium  carbonates 
is  in  general  so  low  as  to  have  a  negligible  effect  in  the  classification  of 
the  rocks  as  high-  or  low-calcium  or  magnesian. 


▲  5-10 
A  10-23 
O  23-36 
•  35-40 
■  40+ 


Fig.  4. — Map  showing  the  distribution  of 
high-  and  low-magnesian  limestones,  based 
on  accessible  analyses.  The  fine  lines  with- 
in the  borders  of  the  State  represent  boun- 
daries within  which  the  various  rock  sys- 
tems outcrop,  and  the  capital  letters  placed 
;it  intervals  in  the  areas  enclosed  by  the 
lines   are  the   initials   of  the   system   names: 


0=Ordovician 

S=Silurian 

D=Devonian 


M=Mississippian 
P=Pennsylvanian 
C=Cretaceous 


MINERAL    RESOURCES  45 

Similarly  Mississippian  and  Devonian  rocks  classed  as  low-magnes- 
ian  may  be  safely  deduced  to  be  high-calcium,  for  in  the  majority  of  in- 
stances these  limestones  are  of  high  purity ;  the  reservation  must  be  made, 
however,  that  in  certain  localities  and  formations,  the  content  of  silica  in 
the  form  of  chert  may  be  so  great  as  to  keep  the  rocks  out  of  the  high- 
calcium  group  even  though  they  may  have  an  exceptionally  low  magne- 
sium content. 

The  distribution  on  the  map  of  symbols  representing  analyses  is  a 
fair  index  of  the  general  distribution  of  limestone  outcrops  and  thus  in- 
directly of  quarries.  The  lack  of  many  analyses  and  the  absence  of  many 
quarries  in  the  broad  central  area  underlain  by  Pennsylvanian  rocks,  is 
due  partly  to  the  fact  that  central  Illinois  is  so  heavily  covered  with  drift 
that  limestones  that  might  otherwise  be  quarried  are  not  accessible  be- 
cause of  the  heavy  overburden ;  and  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian system  has  relatively  few  limestones  associated  with  the  shales, 
sandstones,  and  coals  which  are  its  predominant  constituents. 

The  value  of  the  stone  used  for  concrete  comprised  a  little  over  36 
per  cent  of  the  total  State  value ;  the  value  of  stone  for  road  making,  24 
per  cent;  and  the  value  for  flux  and  railroad  ballast,  about  12  per  cent. 
These  percentages  are  practically  identical  with  those  for  1915.  Other 
uses  of  the  limestone  were  for  fertilizer,  rubble,  riprap,  building  stone, 
glass  factories,  curbing,  flagging,  carbonic  acid  plants,  and  sugar  factories. 

The  weights  of  crushed  stone  per  cubic  yard,  all  limestone  with  one 
exception,  compiled  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  from  reports  by  pro- 
ducers is  given  below.  Although  the  list  is  by  no  means  comprehensive, 
it  will  probably  be  of  interest  to  those  interested  in  construction  work  and 
the  testing  of  materials. 

Alexander  County,  Tamms    (novaculite) 2,160 

Adams   County,   Quincy 2,500 

Boone  County,   Belvidere 2,500 

Clark  County,   Casey 2,750 

Cook  County: 

Chicago     2,500 

La  Grange 2,500 

Lyons     2,500 

Thornton    2,500 

Crawford  County,  West  York 2,700 

Dupage   County,    Elmhurst 2,500 

Jersey  County,  Grafton 2,330 

Jo  Daviess  County,  Stockton 2,500 

Kane    County,    Batavia 2,500 

La  Salle  County,  Ottawa 2,500 

Lee  County,  Dixon 2,500 

Ogle    County,   Polo 2,800 


46 


YEARBOOK   FOR   1916 


Randolph  County: 

Menard    2,500 

Red   Bud    2,700 

St.  Clair  County: 

Falling  Springs    2,430 

Krause    (Millstadt)     2,400 

f  2  700 

Stephenson  County,  Preeport )   ' 

|2,500 

Union  County,  Anna 2,300 

Whiteside  County,  Sterling 2,800 

Will   County,   Joliet 2,500 

Winnebago  County: 

Rockford     2,500 

Shirland    2,600 

LIME 
In  1916  Illinois  ranked  fifteenth  in  quantity  and  sixteenth  in  value 
of  lime  produced.  As  compared  with  1916  the  quantity  decreased  almost 
10  per  cent;  but  the  increase  in  average  price  per  ton  from  $3.98  to  $4.61 
gave  an  increase  in  total  value  of  more  than  4.5  per  cent.  Statistics  for 
the  lime  industry  from  1904  to  1916  are  given  in  Table  18. 
Table  18. — Lime  burned  in  Illinois,  1904-1916 


Year 


Number  of 
plants 


Quantity 


Value 


Average  price 
per  ton 


1904 
1905 
1906 
1907 
1908 
1909 
1910, 
1911 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 
1915. 
1916. 


22 
18 
17 
14 
16 
15 
16 
16 
14 
12 


Short  tons 

108,881 

$461,068 

98,907 

421,589 

121,546 

534,118 

124,784 

559,305 

92,549 

393,951 

104,260 

454,682 

113,239 

503,581 

92,169 

423,762 

98,450 

394,892 

95,977 

433,331 

87,603 

362,727 

88,604 

352,954 

80,012 

369,038 

$4.23 
4.26 
4.39 
4.48 
4.26 
4.36 
4.45 
4.60 
4.01 
4.51 
4.14 
3.98 
4.61 


Of  the  total  production,  54  per  cent  is  used  for  building  purpose,  21 
per  cent  for  chemical  works,  9  per  cent  for  paper  mills,  and  the  remain- 
ing 16  per  cent  is  taken  up  for  sugar  factories,  tanneries,  fertilizer,  and 
miscellaneous  purposes. 

Named  in  order  of  rank,  lime  was  burned  in  the  following  counties : 
Adams,  Cook,  Madison,  Rock  Island,  Winnebago,  Kankakee,  and  Will 
counties.  Cook  and  Adams  counties  together  produced  84  per  cent  of 
the  Slate's  total.  High-calcium  lime  comes  from  Adams,  Madison,  and 
Will  counties  and  makes  up  about  60  per  cent  of  the  total ;  high-magne- 


MINERAL  RESOURCES  47 

sian  lime  is  burned  in  the  other  counties  and  constitutes  about  40  per  cent 
of  the  total  production.  Both  high-magnesian  and  high-calcium  limes  are 
used  in  the  building  trades,  but  only  the  high-calcium  goes  to  chemical 
works,  paper  mills,  sugar  factories,  and  tanneries. 

As  brought  out  on  a  preceding  page  the  limestones  north  of  the  coal 
basin  are  almost  entirely  of  Ordovician  and  Silurian  age,  and  in  general 
are  high-magnesian  (see  figure  4).  The  limestones  outcropping  along 
the  Mississippi  River  south  from  Henderson  County  and  bordering  the 
west  side  of  the  coal  basin  are  largely  high-calcium.  They  are  principally 
of  Mississippian  age  except  for  an  area  of  Devonian  strata  in  Jackson, 
Union,  and  Alexander  counties,  and  small  Ordovician  areas  in  Calhoun, 
Monroe,  and  Alexander  counties. 

A  few  analyses  typical  of  the  Ordovician  and  Silurian  deposits  of 
northern  Illinois,  and  of  the  Mississippian,  Devonian,  and  Ordovician  of 
western  Illinois  are  here  given  as  typical  (Table  19). 

CEMENT 

In  1916  Portland  cement  production  and  shipments  in  Illinois  de- 
creased sharply,  occasioning  a  decrease  in  value  of  one  and  one-half  mil- 
lion dollars  (see  Table  20).  As  elsewhere  throughout  the  country  pro- 
duction was  on  the  increase,  the  Illinois  loss  of  production  meant  loss  of 
rank,  ninth  place  in  1916  as  compared  with  third  in  1914  and  1915. 

There  were  four  producing  and  four  shipping  plants  in  the  State  in 
1916,  located  at  Oglesby  (2),  La  Salle,  and  Dixon.  Hitherto  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  five  plants  had  been  in  active  operation,  but  in  1916  the  num- 
ber became  four  with  the  dismantling  of  Mill  No.  2,  the  South  Chicago 
plant  of  the  Universal  Portland  Cement  Company.  Construction  work 
was  started  on  that  plant  in  the  latter  part  of  1898,  and  the  first  cement 
was  produced  as  early  as  the  spring  of  1900.  Production  had  ceased  in 
March,  1914,  but  shipments  continued  into  1915.  Two  factors  combined 
to  cause  the  abandonment  of  the  plant :  the  machinery  became  out  of  date, 
rendering  the  manufacturing  cost  practically  prohibitive  ;  and  the  space 
occupied  by  the  plant  was  needed  badly  by  the  Illinois  Steel  Company, 
who  constructed  a  duplexing  plant  upon  the  same  ground  immediately 
after  dismantling  was  complete.  The  territory  fed  by  this  plant  does  not 
lack  for  a  nearby  supply,  however,  as  just  over  the  Illinois  line  in  north- 
western Indiana  at  Buffington,  the  same  company  has  developed  a  plant 
which  is  more  than  capable  of  taking  care  of  the  need  formerly  supplied 
by  the  South  Chicago  plant.  Thus,  although  a  certain  credit  of  produc- 
tion is  lost  to  Illinois  and  gained  by  Indiana,  the  situation  is  scarcely 
affected  so  far  as  the  consumers  of  the  district  are  concerned. 


48 


YEARBOOK   FOR   1916 

Table  19. — Analyses  grouped  for  comparing 


Location 


Operator  or  Owner 


Authority 


Calcium 

carbonate 

(CaCo3) 


Mag-    < 
nesium 
carbonate 
(MgCo3) 


WESTERN 


Adams    County 

Marblehead   Lime    Co. .  . 
do   . 

N.   Gray  Bartlett,  Chi.. 
Wm.    Brady 

95.62 
97.40 

99.62 

93.93 

97.53 

97.81 
98.09 

97.30 

93.73 

96.42 

82.04 
96.67 

98.43 

95.64 

92.46 

.82 

do 

1.40 

Alexander    County 
Thebes 

Agricultural    Experi- 
ment    Station,     Univ. 

1.18 

Jackson  County 

Grand  Tower 

D  e  p  t.     of     Chemistry, 
Univ.    of    Illinois.  .  .  . 

H.   E.  Tuttle,   St.   Louis 

R.    W.    Erwin,    Granite 

City    

Madison   County 

Alton 

Alton  Lime  &  Cement  Co. 
Harry  Gissal  Quarry  Co. 

do   . 

4.89 
.44 

1.35 

do    

.94 

Monroe    County 

Columbia , 

Columbia  Quarry  Co... 
Southern   Illinois   Peni- 

Pittsburgh       Reduction 
Co      

.48 

Randolph    County 
Menard 

Agricultural   Experi- 
ment    Station,     Univ. 

William's  Quarry 

3.84 

Red   Bud 

D  e  p  t.     of     Chemistry, 
Univ.    of    Illinois.  . .  . 

do 

Rock  Island  County 
Milan 

1.09 
5.52 

do 

do    

1.21 

St     Clair   County 
Millstadt 

Union    County 

D  e  p  t.     of     Chemistry, 
Univ.    of    Illinois.  . .  . 
do    

2.13 
2.97 

NORTHERN 


Boone    County 

Electric   Stone  Co 

do   . 

W.    W.    Daniels,    Univ. 

of     Wisconsin 

do   

52.27 
54.59 

53.70 

52.76 
55.30 

52.44 

46.18 

45.32 
50.60 

81.79 
65.98 

86.36 
51.25 

46:71 
51. 3  3 

do 

44.67 
41.33 

Cook  County 

Chicago 

Artesian  Stone  &  Lime 
Co.    ,       

T.    C   Hopkins,   State 

Chicago    Union    Lime 
Works  Co 

U.  S.  Crushed  Stone  Co. 

Brownell    Improvement 

Co.    .               

42.34 

do 

J.    Blodgett    Br  it  ton, 

Warrenton,    Va 

Inland  Steel  Co 

Dickman  &  Mackenzie. 

Pittsburgh     Testing 
Laboratory,       P  it  t  s- 

McCook 

Thornton 

45.04 
43.95 

43.66 

Kankakee   County 
Kankakee 

Lehigh  Stone  Co 

Illinois    Hydraulic    Ce- 
ment Mfg.   Co 

do   

35.05 

LaSalle   County 

Utica 

D  e  p  t.     of     Chemistry, 
Univ.    of    Illinois.  . .  . 
do    

do 

26.13 
38.25 

Lee   County 

Dixon 

Sandusky   Portland   Ce- 
ment Co 

do    

9.57 

do 

do    

23.45 

Ogle   County 

do    

11.41 

do    

34.32 

Stephenson   County 

do    

33.90 

Winnebar/o  County 

Rockton  Lime  &  Quarry 
Co 

E     C.    Eckel 

37.33 

1  These  analyses  were  taken  from  and  others  may  be  found  in  State  Geological 
Survey  Bulls.  4,  8,  16,  and  17;  and  U  S.  Geological  Survey  Mineral  Resources.  Pt. 
IT,  1911.     The  analyses  credited  to  the  Department  of  Chemistry  and   the   Agrieul- 


MINERAL  RESOURCES 

northern  Illinois  with  ivestern  Illinois  limestones1 


49 


Ferric 
oxide 
(Fe203) 


Aluminum 
oxide 
(A1203) 


ILLINOIS 


Silica 
(SiOa) 


Other  minerals 


Total 


System  and  formation 


2.18 
.12            -fiR 

.47 
.40 

.27 

.86 

.48 

1.00 
.50 

1.12 

2.47 

1.50 

6.98 
1.66 

.90 

1.76 
3.30 

Undetermined,    0.91.  .. 

100.00 
100.00 

100.09 

100.16 
99.53 

100.00 
100.08 

Mississippian 
Mississippian 

Trace 

32 

72 
16 

H20,    .01 

H20,    0.07 

H20  and  loss,    1.48.  .  . 

Ordovician   (Kimmswick) 

Devonian   (New  Scotland) 

Mississippian 

Mississippian 

Trace 

Mississippian 

.44 

Mississippian 

1.11 

HsO,    .105 

Mississippian    (Chester) 

2.00 

H20,    .13 

Mississippian    (Chester) 

4.32 

Devonian    (Hamilton) 

1.16 

Devonian    (Hamilton) 

1.40 

Mississippian 

1 

92 

48 

HsO,    0.12 

HaO,    0.10 

Mississippian    (Salem) 
Mississippian    (Burlington) 

ILLINOIS 


.98 

1.87 
2.90 

1.28 

.21 
.36 

2.35 

10.78 

15.02 
4.58 

5.10 
4.50 

1.38 
5.62 

14.02 
6.39 

99.79 
99.67 

98.36 

100.00 
99.81 

99.90 

100.00 

95.00 
97.26 

99.29 
98.64 

100.90 
95.74' 

98.27 
99.83 

Silurian 
Silurian 

Silurian 

Silurian 
Silurian 

Silurian 

Silurian 

Ordovician 
Ordovician 

Ordovician 
Ordovician 

Ordovician 
Ordovician 

Ordovician 
Ordovician 

.85 

1.04 

1.48 
.20 

H20   and  loss,    0.51.  .. 

.85 
1.19       1     4.28 
8.20 

Organic   matter,    0.60. 

H20  and  loss,  2.50;  P, 
0.02;    S,   trace 

H20,   .33 

(Lower  Magnesian) 

3.72 

H20,    .11 

(Lower  Magnesian) 

2.58 

HoO,    .25 

(Platteville) 

4.60 

1.56 

4.22 

3.52 
.79             1.05 

H20,    .11 

H20,    .19 

HsO     .33.. 

(Platteville) 

(Platteville) 
(Platteville) 

H20„    .12 

H20,    1.01 

(Platteville) 

tural   Experiment   Station   of   the   University   of   Illinois    were    made    from    samples 
collected  by  members  of  the  State  Geological  Survey  staff. 


50 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


Analyses  of  many  limestones  show  that  abundant  low-magnesia  sup- 
plies are  available  for  Portland  cement  manufacture  in  the  Ordovician, 
Mississippian,  and  Pennsylvanian  rocks.  Many  Ordovician  formations 
are  so  highly  magnesian  as  to  be  classed  as  dolomitic  limestones  or  even 
dolomites,  but  certain  formations  such  as  the  one  used  by  the  Sandusky 
Portland  Cement  Company  at  Dixon  in  Lee  County,  have  a  magnesia  con- 
tent low  enough  to  make  them  usable  as  an  ingredient  of  cement.  Locally 
the  Pennsylvanian  system  has  limestones  of  good  quality,  such  as  the  La 
Salle  limestone  of  the  McLeansboro  formation,  utilized  by  the  Oglesby 
and  La  Salle  Portland  cement  manufacturers,  or  such  as  another  lime- 
stone of  the  McLeansboro  formation  in  Vermilion  County  that  formerly 
supplied  the  South  Chicago  plant.  The  Mississippian  system  is  a  far 
richer  source  of  low-magnesia  limestones  than  any  of  the  other  systems 
outcropping  in  Illinois  but  as  yet  none  is  being  used.  The  thickness  in 
which  they  outcrop,  their  accessibility,  and  proximity  to  coal  and  to  river 
and  railroad  transportation  make  of  them  a  valuable  resource  for  future 
utilization.  Figure  4  shows  graphically  the  distribution  of  low-magnesia 
limestones  for  which  analyses  are  available. 

Besides  Portland  cement,  natural  cement  is  manufactured  in  the 
State  at  Utica.  An  Ordovician  limestone,  more  specifically  a  horizon  in 
the  Prairie  du  Chien  or  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone,  is  used.     In  this 


Table  20. — Portland  cement  industry  in  Illinois,  1900-1916 
(Figures  opposite  P  relate  to  production;  those  opposite  S  to  shipments.) 


Number  of 

Average 

Tear 

plants 

Quantity 

Value 

price  per 

barrel 

Barrels 

1900  

.p 

3 

240,442 

$  300,552 

$1.25 

1901  

p 

4 

528,925 

581,818 

1.10 

1902  

.p 

4 

767,781 

977,541 

1.27 

1903  

.p 

5 

1,257,500 

1,914,500 

1.52 

1904  

.p 

5 

1,326,794 

1,449,114 

1.09 

1905  

.p 

5 

1,545,500 

1,741,150 

1.13 

1906  

.p 

4 

1,858,403 

2,461,494 

1.33 

1907  

.p 

5 

2,036,093 

2,632,576 

1.29 

1908  

.p 

5 

3,211,168 

2,707,044 

.84 

1909  

.p 

5 

4,241,392 

3,388,667 

.80 

1910  

.p 

5 

4,459,450 

4,119,012 

.90 

1911  

.P 

5 

4,582,341 

3,583,301 

.79   • 

1912  

s 

p 

5 

4,299,357 

3,212,819 

1 

s 

5 

4,602,617 

3,444,085 

.75 

1913  

I 

p 

5 

5,083,799 

5,109,218 

1 

s 

5 

4,734,540 

4,784,696 

1.01 

1914  

s 

p 

5 

5,401,605 

5,007,288 

1 

s 

5 

5,284,022 

4,848,522 

.92 

1 

p 

4 

5,156,869 

1915  

s 

5 

5,435,655 

4,884,026 

.90 

s 
1 

p 

4 

3,642,563 

1916  

s 

4 

3,562,659 

3,386,431 

.95 

MINERAL   RESOURCES  51 

rock  the  composition  approximates  very  closely  that  used  in  the  mixture 
for  Portland  cement.  The  Utica  plant  is  one  out  of  but  12  natural  cement 
plants  in  the  country,  and  indeed  is  one  of  the  first  in  the  United  States, 
its  date  of  establishment,  1838,  being  later  than  only  two  other  plants,  in 
New  York  and  in  Kentucky,  dating  from  1818  and  1829,  respectively. 

SAND  AND  GRAVEL 

For  three  years  Illinois  has  reported  a  larger  production  of  sand  and 
gravel  than  has  any  other  State,  New  York  having  been  displaced  from 
first  rank  in  1914.  In  1916,  Ohio,  Indiana,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania 
followed  Illinois  in  the  order  given.  In  value  of  production,  however, 
Illinois  continues  to  stand  fourth,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  New  York  re- 
porting greater  values. 

Glass-sand  production  suffered  decrease  in  quantity,  but  its  value 
increased.  Gravel,  engine  sand,  paving  sand,  and  fire  or  furnace  sand  all 
suffered  greater  or  lesser  decreases  in  quantity,  but  the  increased  pro- 
duction of  molding,  building,  grinding  and  polishing  sands  was  an  offset 
sufficient  to  bring  about  an  increase  in  the  aggregate  production  of  all 
kinds  of  sand  and  gravel  amounting  to  11.73  per  cent  for  quantity,  and 
3.29  per  cent  for  value,  in  1916,  as  compared  with  the  preceding  year. 

Of  the  forty-four  counties  reporting  production,  the  leaders  were  La 
Salle,  first  in  both  quantity  and  value ;  Kane,  second  in  quantity  and  third 
in  value ;  Will,  third  in  quantity  and  second  in  value ;  Winnebago,  fourth 
in  quantity  and  fifth  in  value;  and  Cook,  fifth  in  quantity  but  fourth  in 
value.  With  the  exception  of  La  Salle  County,  where  the  St.  Peter  sand- 
stone is  quarried,  these  counties  all  owe  their  high  rank  to  their  favorable 
location  with  reference  to  the  glacial  deposits  of  Wisconsin  age,  contain- 
ing as  they  do  great  quantities  of  clean,  unweathered  gravel  and  sand. 

Glass  sand  is  derived  in  Illinois  from  the  exceedingly  pure,  friable 
St.  Peter  sandstone  outcropping  in  upper  Illinois-Fox  Valley  and  Rock 
River  Valley ;  at  Utica,  Ottawa,  Wedron,  Seneca,  Millington,  and  Oregon, 
all  in  these  two  valleys,  six  quarries  and  pits  reported  production  of  glass 
sand  in  1916. 

The  factors1  which  determine  the  value  of  a  deposit  for  making  glass 
are  chemical  purity,  physical  character,  quarrying  conditions,  and  loca- 
tion with  respect  to  transportation,  cheap  fuel,  and  market. 

Glass  is  a  transparent  impermeable  substance  formed  by  fusing  sand, 
or  silica,  with  fixed  alkalies.  It  is  made  by  melting  the  ingredients  in  a 
pot  or  tank,  mixing  the  batch  thoroughly,  and  allowing  it  to  cool.  It  is 
molded  into  the  desired  form  while  molten.  Sand  is  the  principal  consti- 
tuent of  all  glass,  comprising  from  52  to  65  per  cent  of  the  mass  of  the 

1  Burchard,   Ernest  F.,   Glass   sand,   other  sand,   and   gravel:   U.    S.   Geol.    Survey 
Mineral  Resources,   1911,   pt.  II,   pp.   594-595,   1912.  p\Cf^~ 


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62 


YEARBOOK  FOE  1916 


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MINERAL  RESOURCES  53 

original  mixture.  The  qualities  of  the  glass,  such  as  lack  of  color,  brilli- 
ance, transparency,  and  hardness,  depend  largely,  therefore,  on  the  quality 
of  the  sand. 

For  the  finest  ware  only  the  purest  quartz  (silica)  sand  can  be  em- 
ployed because  slight  impurity,  especially  a  small  quantity  of  iron,  impairs 
the  brilliance,  whiteness,  and  clearness.  Thus,  for  the  manufacture  of 
glass  for  optical  instruments,  which  is  practically  colorless,  sand,  or 
ground  silica,  should  Contain,  not  more  than  0.015  per  cent  of  ferric  oxide. 
Plate  and  window  glass  are  commonly  pale  green  and  absolute  purity  is 
not  essential  in  the  sand,  but  more  than  0.2  per  cent  of  ferric  oxide  is 
undesirable.  Green  and  amber  glass  for  rough  structural  work,  as  sky- 
lights, sidewalk  lights,  for  bottles,  jars,  and  insulators,  are  made  from 
sand  that  has  more  impurity  than  is  permissible  in  sand  for  plate  glass  and 
prescription  ware. 

The  suitability  of  a  sand  for  making  glass  may  be  determined  roughly 
by  inspecting  it  for  the  following  properties :  The  sand  should  consist 
almost  entirely  of  quartz,  or  silica  (most  glass  sands  contain  from  98  to 
more  than  99  per  cent  of  silica)  ;  it  should  be  nearly  white  or  easily 
washed  white;  the  grains  should  be  uniform  in  size,  either  angular  or 
rounded,  and  preferably  should  not  be  larger  than  20  mesh  nor  smaller 
than  80  mesh.  Whiteness  is  not  essential,  however,  in  sand  for  ordinary 
window  glass  and  cheap  bottles  and  jars. 

As  shown  by  the  following  analyses  (Table  23),  the  Illinois  glass 
sand  not  only  conforms  well  to  the  requirements  outlined  above,  but  com- 
pares favorably  with  that  from  other  states. 

Clearly  it  is  not  in  the  chemical  character  of  the  sand  that  an  ex- 
planation of  the  low  value  of  the  Illinois  product  as  compared  with  the 
average  for  the  country  (see  Table  24)  is  to  be  found.  Comparing 
Pennsylvania  and  Illinois  prices,  an  even  greater  difference  is  found, 
slightly  more  than  $1.18  being  the  price  of  the  eastern  sand,  and  $0.65  of 
the  Illinois  product,  a  relation  which  is  typical  for  earlier  years  as  well.  In 
part  the  difference  is  to  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  the  Pennsylvania 
sand  is  somewhat  more  expensive  to  produce,  being  made  from  harder 
rock ;  and  for  this  reason  a  sharper,  even-grained,  and  consequently  a 
slightly  more  desirable  glass  sand  results.  But  the  more  important  factor 
is  that  as  the  Pennsylvania  and  other  eastern  sands  are  all  consumed  at 
or  near  the  point  of  origin,  prices  there  are  largely  controlled  by  the  pro- 
duction cost  of  Illinois  and  Missouri  sand  plus  freight  charges  to  the  east, 
rather  than  the  production  cost  of  eastern  sands  plus  the  negligible  freight 
charges  required  for  their  local  distribution. 


54 


YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 


Table  22. — Production  in  short  tons,  and  value  of  sand 

1915 


County 

73 
J-l 
0) 

o 

•a 

o 

PL, 

Glass  sand 

Molding-  sand 

Building-  sand 

Grinding  and 
polishing  sand 

Fire  or 

furnace 

sand 

Quantity 

Value- 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Bond : 

6 
8 
3 
4 

10 
3 

18 
6 
5 
3 
5 

10 
7 
4 
7 
5 
6 

20 

'495,' 884 
••■(a)" 

*2*506 

$25*  ,'552 
'■"{*)" 

"2,125 

18,387 
(a) 

"23*i69 

'260  .'207 

"'■(a)" 

(a) 

"(a)" 

'"(a)" 

(a) 

(a) 

28,999 

$14,902 
(a) 

"  *ii*584 

'iii.'ies 

'"(a)" 
(a) 

"*(a)" 

'"(a)" 
(a) 

(a) 
13,975 

3,700 
(a) 
(a) 

194,336 
393.402 
(a) 

(a) 
6,900 
41,745 
(a) 
(a) 

41,710 
110,390 
43,338 
(a) 

10,305 
(a) 
385, 100 

$1,395 

(a) 

(a) 
107, 475 
75,209 

(a) 

(a) 

1,800 
15,482 

(a) 

(a) 
23,700 
28,508 
11,780 

(a) 

3,950 

(a) 

105,899 

"62  ,'366 

'$26,' 370 
$26,370 

Carroll 

Cook 

Kane 

Lake 

La  Salle 

(a) 

Lee 

McHenry 

Madison 

Ogle 

Rock  Island 

Tazewell 

Whiteside 

Will 

Winnebago 

Other  counties13. 

State  total... 

127 

566, 128 

$299,286 

383, 185 

$195, 992 

1,600,521 

$472,654 

62,366 

(a) 

a  Concealed    in    totals. 

b  Including:     Alexander,     Boone,     Cass,     Dekalb,      Dupage, 
White  counties. 


Fayette,      Fulton,      Henderson, 


1916 


a  Concealed    in    totals, 
b  Including:     Alexander, 
White    counties. 


County. 

m 
U 
<u 
0 
Hi 

O 
S-i 

Glass  sand 

Molding  sand 

Building  sand 

Grinding  and 
polishing  sand 

Fire  or 

furnace 

sand 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Bond 

5 
9 
4 
3 

15 
3 
3 

21 
3 
9 
3 
4 
5 
9 
8 
3 
5 
9 

10 

31 

131 

'"(a)" 

'391,524 

'"(a)" 
487, 432 

"•(a)" 
$257,'  i.70 

'"(a)" 
$318,235 

30,858 
(a) 

"33,09i 
(a) 

'  469  ,'829 

"ii,'669 

'"(a)" 

•'•(a)" 
(a) 

•••(a)" 
33,685 
(a) 
6,268 

632, 529 

$  26. 180 
(a) 

"i5,'  068 
(a) 

'26L '448 

"'6,'i.22 

'"(a)" 

'"(a)" 
(a) 

'"(a)" 
18,973 
(a) 
5,753 

$313,219 

'$"2,'669 
200 
(a) 

112,653 
(a) 
(a) 
4,431 
(a) 
31,604 
(a) 
(a) 

"28,903 

20. 293 

(a) 

(a) 

17,486 
'i20,'792 

(a) 
'"(a)" 

i64,'iio 

'"i,'628 
168,088 

(a) 

'"(a)" 
$149,' 532 

"'i'266 
$152,432 

Bureau 

25,471 

1,215 

(a) 
530. 671 

(a) 

(a) 
7,924 

(a) 
113,841 

(a) 

(a) 

Carroll 

Cook 

Kane 

Kendall 

Lake 

La  Salle 

19, 623 

Lee 

McHenry 

Macon 

Madison 

Ogle  , 

Peoria 

71,924 
63.378 
(a) 
(a) 
60, 951 

Rock  Island 

Tazewell 

Whiteside 

Will 

(a) 

Other  counties'3. 

490,650 

State  total... 

2,059,259 

$597,771 

(a) 

Boone,     Cass,     Dekalb,     Dupage,      Fayette,      Fulton,     Henderson, 


MINERAL   RESOURCES 


55 


and  gravel  in  Illinois,  by  counties,  1915  and  1916 


Fire  or 

furnace 

sand 

Engine  sand 

Paving"  sand 

Other  sands 

Gravel 

Total 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Va  lue 

Quantity 

Value 

(a) 
(a) 

'"(a)" 

"(a)" 

"49,'662 

(a) 

(a) 

'"(a)" 

"(a)" 

"$6.'47i 
$14,677 

(a) 

-(*•: 

"(a)" 

'"iky 
(a> 

"72  ,'255 
(a) 

""(a)" 
43,755 

(a) 

••'.(a)" 

"•(ay*/ 

'"(a)" 
(a) 

'$21, '834 
(a) 

'"(a)" 
12,495 

$73,645 

"$"266 

'3,'  666 
'"i,'i25 

'"77 

(a) 

65, 771 

4,153 

547,991 

349, 273 

208,640 

20,513 

7,221 

(a) 

(a) 

$  21,111 

1,328 

96  325 

147, 296 

37.208 

9,519 

1,925 

(a) 

"23,325 

55,200 
20,711 

(a) 
28,590 

297,' 510 
99,640 

$885,548 

23,594 

84,221 

5.548 

742.327 

767,344 

343.640 

1,160,266 

14,621 

58. 194 

95,046 

398,909 

196,946 

185,867 

234,599 

98,646 

33,234 

2,368.515 

886, 495 

$  17.399 
26,504 

2,453 

203,800 

1,500 

234,289 
71,208 

(a) 

5,000 

429,054 
3,825 

23,605 

1,500 

26, 194 

321,415 
154,966 

y  72, 253 
(a) 
69,615 

72.534 

78,980 

51,882 

77.934 

36, 977 

15.926 

2,091,145 

386, 763 

371,313 

376 
8,376 

240,682 

(a) 

73.427 

291,436 

$4, 402 

4,424.527 

7,708,012 

$1,984,569 

Jo    Daviess,    Kendall,    Logan,    Menard,    Mercer,   Monroe,  Pike,  St.  Clair.  Sangamon,  Wabash,  and 


Fire  or 

furnace 

sand 

Engine  sand 

Paving  sand 

Other 

sands 

Gravel 

Totals 

Quality 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

Quantity 

Value 

'"(a)" 

""(a)" 

"6i,'695 
67,979 

'"(a)" 

"*(aj" 
*9,'6i9 

(a) 
"(a)" 

"••(a)" 

"24,'i64 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 

"*i8,*342 

(a) 
"'(a)" 

'"(a)" 

$10,575 

(a) 
(a) 
(a) 

'"4,"  565 

$"i,*456 

'"(a)" 
7,600 

'"(a)" 
(a) 

'"(a)" 

'"(a)" 
(a) 

"93  ,'824 
(a) 

26, 906 
$302,557 

$  17,491 

(a) 

(a) 

116,758 

(a) 

(a) 
29,032 

1,610 
52.342 

28.527 
(a) 

146 
39, 322 
70.855 

(a) 

(a) 

(a) 
69.265 
86, 206 

$847,947 

32,343 

136,371 

1,746 

724,304 

1,126,509 

100,276 

269,763 

1.426,536 

7,425 

413, 808 

37. 859 

92.093 

347,070 

276, 344 

212,397 

306,413 

23,935 

1,099,164 

733, 164 

990.005 

$  26,420 

9.936 

97, 260 

(z\ 

(a) 
525,352 

(a) 

(a) 
359,620 
3,975 
262,498 

37. 506 

(a) 
1.287 
179,882 
121.650 

(a) 

(a) 
(a) 
416,317 

215,067 

24.416 

284 

(a) 
32,250 

217,335 
255,279 
37,356 

"'8,'230 

(a) 
(a) 

63, 278 

677, 376 

3,210 

100,518 

28,664 

35,395 

(a) 

95. 191 

78,945 

(a) 
(a) 

107,195 

105,592 

12,256 

"(a)" 

439,534 

(a) 
195,355 

293.781 
165.497 
254.441 

(a) 

$12,143 

90,843 

$32,803 

1,476,504 

3,358,153 

8,365,225 

$2,587,437 

Jo    Daviess,    Kendall,    Logan,    Menard,    Mercer,    Monroe,  Pike,  St.  Clair,  Sangamon,   Wabash,  and 


66 


YEARBOOK  FOB  1916 


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MINERAL   RESOURCES 


57 


Table  24. — Glass  sand  produced  in  Illinois.   1903-1916 


Year 

Quantity 

Value 

Average    price    per    ton 

1903 

255,440 
219,784 
234,391 
238,178 
235,716 
194,722 
224,381 
268,654 
251,907 
323,467 
350,229 
339,551 
566,128 
487,432 

$153,717 
143.954 
146,605 
156,684 
152,619 
139,172 
153,226 
216,531 
171,978 
225,434 
239,227 
246,803 
299,286 
318,235 

Illinois 
$0.60 
.66 
.63 
.66 
.65 
.71 
.69 
.81 
.68 
.70 
.68 
.73 
.53 
.65 

United   States 
$1.04 

1904 

.90 

1905 

1.05 

1906 

1.11 

1907 

1.05 

1908 

.96 

1909 

1.05 

1910. 

1.04 

1911 

1.01 

1912 

.97 

1913 

1.06 

1914 

.97 

1915 

.85 

1916 

.97 

FLUORSPAR 

Illinois  continued  as  leader  in  production  of  fluorspar  in  1916,  a  posi- 
tion which  it  has  held  since  1905  and  from  which  it  will  doubtless  never 


Thousands   of   tons 
Thousands   of   dollars 

UNITED    STATES 

Production 

Value 

GREAT    BRITAIN 

Production 

Value 
CANADA 
Production 

Value 

0              20              40              60 
0             100            200            300 

80             100            120            140 
400            500            600            700 

ILLINOIS   and 

KENTUCKY                        | 

§^^^^^^"IUJN0J$;  and 

;KEmycKY^x^^^^^ 

^Wi 

I 

Fig.  5. — Diagram  showing  the  output  and  value  of  fluorspar  from  the  Illinois- 
Kentucky  district,  the  United  States,  and  other  producing  countries 
of  the  world,  1916. 


be  forced,  according  to  our  present  knowledge  of  the  fluorspar  deposits. 
Other  deposits  are  known,  and  some  of  them  are  worked  in  the  United 
States,  but  none  can  rival  those  of  the  Illinois-Kentucky  district,  center- 
ing in  southern  Hardin  County,  Illinois.  Figure  5  shows  graphically  the 
relative  importance  of  the  district  in  the  United  States,  and  gives  also  a 
striking  comparison  between  our  production  and  that  of  the  other  pro- 
ducing countries  of  the  world. 


58 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


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MINERAL    RESOURCES  59 

The  market  for  the  bulk  of  the  fluorspar  sold  in  the  United  States 
depends  on  the  steel  industry,  and  the  demand  fluctuates  with  the  rise  and 
fall  in  the  production  of  steel.  Fluorspar  is  however  not  confined  in  its 
use  to  the  steel  industry,  but  finds  a  place  also  as  a  flux  in  iron  blast  fur- 
naces and  foundries,  and  in  lead,  copper,  gold,  and  silver  smelters ;  in  the 
manufacture  of  fluorides  of  iron  and  manganese  for  steel  fluxing,  and  of 
sodium  fluoride  for  wood  preservation ;  in  the  manufacture  of  glass,  of 
enameled  and  sanitary  ware,  and  of  hydrofluoric  acid ;  in  the  electrolytic 
refining  of  antimony  and  lead ;  and  in  the  production  of  aluminum.  Other 
miscellaneous  uses  of  fluorspar  that  have  been  reported  are  as  a  bonding 
for  constituents  of  emery  wheels,  for  carbon  electrodes,  in  the  extraction 
of  potash  from  feldspar,  and  in  the  recovery  of  potash  in  the  manufacture 
of  Portland  cement. 

Noteworthy  features  of  the  industry  in  1916  were  the  continued  strong 
demand  and  increased  prices  which  culminated  at  the  end  of  the  year  in  a 
shortage  of  spar  that  forced  prices  for  prompt  shipment  to  an  unprece- 
dented level.  Under  the  stimulus  of  high  prices,  abandoned  prospects 
were  reopened  in  southern  Illinois  and  western  Kentucky  and  should 
be  expected  to  make  an  appreciable  contribution  to  the  1917  production. 
The  output  in  Illinois  was  higher  than  ever  before  and  doubtless  would 
have  been  greater  had  not  the  mines  been  shut  down  for  part  of  July  on 
account  of  miners'  strikes.  For  a  time  the  situation  threatened  to  be- 
come serious,  as  the  Illinois  mines  customarily  produce  75  to  80  per  cent 
of  the  domestic  output. 

MINERAL  WATER 

The  production  of  mineral  water  in  Illinois  increased  14  per  cent  in 
quantity  and  25  per  cent  in  value  in  1916.  The  output  of  both  medicinal 
and  table  waters  increased  appreciably.  The  total  sales  were  1,777,741 
gallons,  valued  at  $94,056,  of  which  $7,765  was  received  for  medicinal 
waters  and  $86,291  for  table  waters.  The  number  of  active  springs  de- 
creased from  23  to  21. 

The  quantity  of  mineral  water  used  in  the  manufacture  of  soft 
drinks  decreased  from  267,880  gallons  to  106,340  gallons.  Resorts  for 
about  750  guests  were  maintained  at  five  springs,  and  mineral-water  bath- 
ing establishments  were  maintained  at  nine  springs,  the  same  as  in  1915. 

TRIPOLI 

Tripoli  and  quartz — the  two  forms  of  silica  mined  in  Illinois — were 
both  produced  in  greatly  increased  amounts  in  1916  as  compared  with 
1915. 


60 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


Four  mines  in  Union  County  and  two  in  Alexander  County  reported 
production  of  tripoli  in  1916.  No  new  deposits  were  developed  but  there 
were  several  changes  in  ownership  or  management  and  greatly  increased 
activity  and  production.  A  number  of  mines  formerly  worked  were  idle. 
Crude  material,  as  in  1915,  had  an  average  value  of  about  $2.50  a  ton. 
Most  of  the  output  was,  however,  sold  in  ground  form  at  $17  to  $25  a 
ton. 


Table  26.- 

—Tripoli  produced  and  sold 

in  the  United  States,  1914-1916 

1914 

1915 

1916 

State 

Quantity 
(short 
tons) 

Value 

Quantity 
(short 
tons) 

Value 

Quantity 
(short 
tons) 

Value 

Illinois. 

10,387 

6,721 

110 

$59,394 

81,434 

1,600 

23,756 
3     6,955 

a  $59,390 
69,567 

33,187 
10,070 

$   82,968 

Missouri 

Other  Statesb 

132,248 

17,218 

142,428 

30,711 

128,957 

43,257 

215,216 

a  Value   for   1915   revised   in   1916. 
&1914,    Oklahoma    and    Pennsylvania; 
Pennsylvania  and   Oklahoma. 


1915,    Pennsylvania    and    Georgia;    1916, 


The  detailed  geology  of  the  tripoli  region  has  not  yet  been  studied, 
but  the  following  statement  regarding  the  occurrence,  geology,  mining 
methods  and  uses  of  the  tripoli  has  been  prepared  as  a  general  answer 
to  the  inquiries  which  are  frequently  received  by  the  Survey. 

The  tripoli  occurs  as  rather  distinct  beds  in  the  flat  or  gently  dipping 
formation  in  the  hills  above  the  flood  plain  of  the  Mississippi.  The  re- 
gion is  rugged,  due  to  erosion  which  exposes  the  silica  formations  above 
drainage  level. 

Devonian  fossils  of  Upper  Oriskany  age  (Clear  Creek  chert)  may 
be  readily  found,  thus  fixing  the  age  of  the  beds.  The  layers  of  tripoli 
are  from  a  few  inches  to  a  few  feet  in  thickness,  somewhat  interbedded 
with  layers  of  chert  or  flint  of  similar  thicknesses.  The  tripoli  is  colorless 
or  white  in  appearance  except  where  stained  faint  buff  or  yellowish  by 
iron.  It  is  friable  or  "soft"  to  the  touch.  It  probably  represents  the 
siliceous  "skeleton"  of  a  former  bed  of  siliceous  limestone  or  cherty  lime- 
stone from  which  the  soluble  portions  have  now  been  removed  by  decom- 
position and  solution  due  to  percolating  waters. 

Mining  methods  consist  of  opening  a  drift  or  adit  and  driving  irreg- 
ular rooms  protected  by  large  pillars.     Rooms  10  feet  high  are  not  nn- 


MINERAL  RESOURCES  61 

common.  It  is  the  practice  to  drive  teams  and  ordinary  wagons  into  the 
mine  for  loading  and  hauling  to  the  nearest  mill.  The  tripoli  and  inter- 
bedded  flint  is  mined  with  pick  and  shovel,  and  only  a  little  explosive  is 
used. 

When  the  tripoli  reaches  the  mill  it  passes  through  coarse  crushers 
or  disintegrators  and  screening  devices  which  remove  the  flint  and  chert 
from  the  tripoli.  The  latter  is  further  disintegrated  by  tube  mills,  ham- 
mer mills,  or  other  types  of  grinding  apparatus,  and  is  carefully  sized  by 
either  air-float  or  water-float  methods,  The  finest  material  easily  passes  a 
300-mesh  screen  and  ground  tripoli,  although  essentially  pure  silicon 
dioxide,  feels  almost  as  velvety  as  talc  powder. 

The  principal  plants  and  shipping  points  have  been  located  at  Jones- 
boro,  Tamms,  Thebes,  Reynoldsville,  and  Wolf  Lake.  Recent  increases  in 
development  work  have  been  reported,  and  the  statement  above  is  there- 
fore only  of  general  value. 

Because  of  the  check  on  importation  due  to  the  war  this  country  was 
forced  to  look  to  its  own  silica  supplies,  and  it  was  found  that  the  tripoli 
beds  of  southern  Illinois  were  a  very  satisfactory  substitute  for  the  im- 
ported French  chert  used  in  the  manufacture  of  high-grade  white  ware. 
The  remarkably  pure  St.  Peter  sandstone  from  the  vicinity  of  Ottawa  is 
also  used  somewhat,  but  even  when  finely  ground  is  not  so  well  adapted 
for  this  purpose  as  is  the  amorphous  silica  or  tripoli  of  southern  Illinois. 
The  increased  production  of  silica  during  recent  years  is  in  part  the  result 
of  increased  demand  due  to  this  new  use.  A  great  variety  of  uses  outside 
the  pottery  business,  most  of  them  recognized  for  some  time,  are  as  fol- 
lows :  paint,  wood  filler,  metal  polish,  in  soaps,  cleansers,  glass  manu- 
facture, and  for  facing  foundry  molds. 

Although  not  to  be  classed  as  tripoli  or  even  under  the  more  inclusive 
term  silica,  mention  should  be  made  here  of  the  great  "novaculite"  hills 
near  Tamms,  Illinois,  which  annually  afford  large  quantities  of  material 
for  road  construction.  Geologically  the  "novaculite"  deposits  are  of  the 
same  age  and  origin  as  the  purer  tripoli  deposits.  Unlike  the  true  nova- 
culite of  Arkansas  which  is  used  for  oil  stones,  the  Illinois  "nova- 
culite" is  largely  interbedded  chert,  silica,  and  clay  which  when  crushed 
forms  a  successful  road  surface,  if  the  condition  of  novaculite  roads  in 
southern  Illinois,  laid  about  the  beginning  of  the  century,  is  any  criterion. 

PYRITE  AND  SULPHURIC  ACID 

In  1916  production  so  far  recovered  from  the  decrease  of  1915  as 
to  almost  equal  that  of  1914.  Illinois  continued  to  rank  fourth  in  both 
quantity  and  value  of  pyrite  marketed  in  191  6.     The  20,482   tons  pro- 


62 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


duced,  valued  at  more  than  $50,000,  was  all  won  in  the  course  of  coal- 
mining operations.  The  pyrite,  or  more  exactly  marcasite,  found  in  as- 
sociation with  coal  beds  was  formerly  thought  to  be  worthless  or  injur- 
ious material  that  must  be  discarded.  With  the  recognition  during  the 
past  few  years  of  its  considerable  value,  which  was  further  enhanced  by 
the  extraordinary  war  need  of  sulphuric  acid,  it  was  found  that  an  ap- 
preciable profit  could  be  made  in  certain  localities  and  a  cleaner,  better 
coal  would  result  by  separation  of  the  "sulphur".  With  improvement  and 
perfection  of  methods  of  separation,  still  further  saving  and  utilization 
may  be  expected. 

Ten  mines  reported  production ;  eight,  Hume  and  Spangler,  Danville 
Collieries  Coal  Company,  Central  Coal  Company,  Western  Coal  Company, 
Contract  Mining  Company,  Wm.  J.  Watkins,  Carbon  Hill  Coal  Company, 
and  Edward  Evans,  in  Vermilion  County ;  one,  the  Madison  Coal  Corpor- 
ation, in  Madison  County ;  and  one,  the  J.  H.  Milan  mine,  in  Knox 
County.  Table  27  gives  the  production  of  pyrite  for  the  years  1909  to 
1916.  Earlier  reports  of  production  combined  totals  for  Indiana  with 
those  for  Illinois. 

The  sulphuric  acid  produced  in  Illinois  is  a  by-product  in  the  smelting 
of  zinc  in  which  processes  the  waste  gases,  sulphur  dioxide,  and  sulphur 
trioxide,  are  converted  into  acid.  Most  of  the  sulphuric  acid  is  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  fertilizers;  the  refining  of  petroleum  products;  the 
iron,  steel,  and  coke  industries  ;  the  manufacture  of  nitrocellulose,  nitro- 
glycerin, celluloid,  etc. ;  and  general  metallurgic  and  chemical  practice. 

Table  27. — Production  in  long  tons  and  value  of  pyrite  mined  in  Illinois, 

1909-1916 


Year 

Quantity 

Value 

Average  price 
per  ton 

1909 

1910 

1911 

5,600 
8,541 
17,441 
27,008 
11,246 
22,538 
14,849 
20,482 

$17,553, 
28,159 
47,020 
62,980 
31,966 
59,079 
22,476 
51,432 

$2.60 
3.30 
2  70 

1912 

2.33 

1913 

1914 

2.84 
2  62 

1915 

1.51 

1916 

2.51 

LEAD,  ZINC,  AND  SILVER 


The  lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  Illinois  fall  into  two  distinct  regions 
marked  by  different  mineral  association  and  structural  environment. 
Those  of  southern  Illinois  belong  to  the  Kentucky-Illinois  fluorspar  dis- 


MINERAL  RESOURCES 


63 


trict ;  those  of  northern  Illinois  belong  to  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley 
region. 

Northern  Illinois. — The  lead  and  zinc  mines  of  northern  Illinois 
are  all  in  Jo  Daviess  County,  the  extreme  northwest  county  of  the  State. 
The  ore  deposits  occur  in  the  Galena  dolomite  and  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  Platteville  limestone,  both  of  Ordovician  age.  They  are  galena, 
smithsonite,  and  sphalerite,  though  the  two  latter  are  much  less  common 
now  than  formerly,  when  the  deposits  worked  were  mostly  shallow  and 
above  water  level.  In  early  years  the  galena  ores  only  were  mined  and  the 
ore  was  taken  from  shallow  pockets  in  quantities  ranging  from  a  few  tons 
to  several  thousand. 

Although  the  lead  output  of  northern  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa 
has  been  large  in  the  past,  and  the  ores  have  been  smelted  near  the  mines, 
the  output  in  recent  years  has  been  comparatively  small,  and  no  ores  have 
been  smelted  in  those  states.  The  galena  is  practically  nonargentiferous, 
and  the  zinc  ores  are  not  known  to  contain  cadmium.  Iron  pyrites  is 
very  commonly  associated  with  the  ores,  frequently  in  such  quantity  as  to 
necessitate  roasting  and  magnetic  separation. 


Table  28. — Tenor  of  lead  and  zinc  ore  and  concentrates  produced  in  Illinois, 

1915  and  1916 


1915 


1916 


NORTHERN  ILLINOIS 

Total  crude  ore 

Total    concentrates   in   crude   ore : 

Lead     

Zinc    

Metal    content    of    crude    ore : 

Lead    

Zinc    

Average  lead  content  of  galena  concentrates 

Average   zinc   content  of   sphalerite   concentrates, 
Average   value   per   ton : 

Galena    concentrates 

Sphalerite    concentrates 


short  tons. 


per  cent. . 
do 


.do 

.do 

.do 

.do 


SOUTHERN    ILLINOIS 

Average  lead  content  of  galena  concentrates per   cent 

Average    value    per    ton    of    galena    concentrates 


316,000 

0.22 
6.5 

.17 
2.18 
72.9 
33.5 

$47.27 
$36.73 


71.6 
$43.45 


288,100 

0.23 
5.28 

.16 
1.44 
68.2 
27.4 

$69.30 

$30.31 


70.0 

$76.38 


The  largest  production  of  lead  and  zinc  concentrates  in  northern  Illi- 
nois in  1916,  as  in  1914  and  1915,  was  derived  from  the  old  Marsdon- 
Black  Jack  mine  of  the  Mineral.  Point  Zinc  Company.  The  mill  was 
steadily  operated  during  1916  on  dirt  obtained  by  means  of  two 
shafts,  one  of  which  is  200  feet  and  the  other  250  feet  deep.  The  mill  has 
a  capacity  of  600  tons  in  24  hours. 


64 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


Southern  Illinois. — The  lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  southern  Illinois 
are  found  in  Pope  and  Hardin  counties  in  rocks  of  Mississippian  age  in 
the  northern  extension  of  the  Kentucky-Illinois  fluorspar  district. 

The  principal  product  of  the  mines  in  recent  years  has  been  fluorspar, 
and  the  yield  of  galena  is  small  compared  with  the  output  from  other  dis- 
tricts in  the  Central  States.     The  total  production  of  galena  concentrates 


Table 

29. — Production  and  value 

of  lead, 

zinc,  and 

silver  in 

Illinois, 

1909-1916' 

District 

Lead 

Zinc 

Silver 

Year 

Quan- 
tity 

Value 

Quan- 
tity 

Value 

Quan- 
tity 

Value 

1909 

Northern  Illinois.  . 
Southern  Illinois.  . 

Total 

Short 

tons 

88 

207 

295 

7,566 
17,804 

Short 

tons 
2,163 

223,604 

Fine 
ounces 

1,011 

526 

25,370 

1910 

Northern  Illinois.  . 
Southern  Illinois.  . 

Total 

101 

272 

373 

8,888 
23,936 

32,824 

3,549 

383,292 

2,022 

1,092 

1911 

Northern  Illinois.  . 
Southern  Illinois.  . 

Total 

625 
339 

964 

56,250 
30,510 

4,219 

480,966 

3,036 

1,609 

86,760 

1912 

Northern  Illinois.  . 
Southern  Illinois.  . 

Total 

687 
595 

1,282 

61,830 
53,550 

4,065 

560,970 

4,731 

2,909 

115,380 

1913. 

Northern  Illinois.  . 
Southern  Illinois.  . 

Total 

588 
371 

959 

51,744 
32,648 

2,236 

250,432 

3,541 

2,139 

84,392 

1914. 

Northern  Illinois.  . 
Southern  Illinois.  . 

Total 

492 
225 

717 

38,376 
17,550 

4,811 

490,722 

2,112 

1,168 

55,392 

1915 

Northern  Illinois.  . 
Southern  Illinois.  . 

Total 

495 
459 

954 

46,530 
43,146 

5,534 

1,372,432 

3,864 

1,959 

89,676 

1916. 

Northern  Illinois.  . 
Southern  Illinois.  . 

Total 

462 
610 

1,072 

63,756 
84,180 

3,404 

912,272 

5,684 

3,740 

147,936 

MINERAL  KESOURCES  65 

for  southern  Illinois,  1906  to  1916,  inclusive,  has  been  5,319  tons,  most  of 
which  has  been  shipped  from  the  Fairview  and  Rosiclare  mines.  The 
shipments  of  zinc  ores  from  the  district  have  been  comparatively  small 
and  scattered.  The  only  recorded  shipments  of  zinc  carbonate  were  made 
from  the  Empire  mine  in  1903  or  1904,  and  in  1906  four  companies  made 
shipments  aggregating  103  tons. 

Formerly,  and  nearer  the  surface,  large  bodies  of  galena  were 
worked,  but  it  is  at  present  produced  incidentally  in  the  concentration  of 
the  fluorspar.  For  this  reason  it  would  be  misleading  to  give  the  quantity 
of  crude  ore.  As  the  district  is  not  reached  by  railway,  the  product  of  the 
mines  is  dependent  on  river  transportation. 

The  galena  of  southern  Illinois  is  notably  argentiferous  as  compared 
with  the  rest  of  the  Mssissippi  Valley  ores,  the  silver  content  ranging  up 
to  12  and  14  fine  ounces  per  ton  of  lead  concentrates  and  averaging  for 
the  last  seven  years  from  4  to  7  fine  ounces  per  ton  of  lead  concentrates. 
Sphalerite,  or  zinc  blende,  is  the  next  important  metallic  mineral,  but  it 
occurs  much  less  plentifully  than  galena.  It  is  recovered  as  zinc  mid- 
dlings in  the  concentration  of  the  fluorspar.  The  difficulty  of  making  a 
clean  separation  of  the  zinc  middlings  has  kept  down  the  production  of 
zinc.  None  has  been  sold  from  southern  Illinois  in  the  last  eight  years. 
The  principal  vein  minerals  are  fluorspar,  calcite,  and  barite. 

MINERAL  PAINTS 

In  1916  as  in  the  preceding  year,  pigments  were  made  directly  from 
the  ore  in  Illinois  only  at  Collinsville,  at  the  plant  owned  by  the  St.  Louis 
Smelting  and  Refining  Company ;  sublimed  white  lead  or  "basic  lead  sul- 
phate" and  sublimed  blue  lead  or  "blue  fume"  were  the  two  products  there 
produced. 

Chemically  manufactured  pigments  were  made  at  Chicago,  Argo, 
and  East  St.  Louis ;  white  lead,  red  lead,  and  litharge  at  Chicago ;  litho- 
pone  at  Argo ;  and  white  lead  at  East  St.  Louis.  The  total  value  for  all 
these  products  was  $7,654,700.  Of  this  only  the  value  of  the  Collinsville 
product  was  included  in  the  total  Illinois  value  of  mineral  products,  as 
duplication  would  be  involved  if  others  were  also  included. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

It  is  believed  that  the  following  bibliography  will  be  of  help  to  many 
desiring  information  in  regard  to  the  mineral  industries  of  the  State,  as 
numerous  requests  are  received  daily  by  the  Survey  for  such  references 
as  are  here  given. 


66  YEAEBOOK  FOE  1916 

COAL1 

Preliminary  report  on  organization  and  method  of  investigations:   111. 

Coal  Mining  Investigations  Bull.  1,  1913. 
Andeos,  S.  0.,  Coal  mining  practice  in  District  VIII  (Danville) :  111.  Coal  Mining 

Investigations  Bull.  2,  1913. 
Coal  mining  practice  in  District  VII  (southwestern  Illinois):  111.  Coal 

Mining  Investigations  Bull.  4,  1914. 
— Coal  mining  practice  in  District  I  (Longwall) :  111.  Coal  Mining  Investi- 


gations Bull.  5,  1914. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  V  (Saline  and  Gallatin  counties) :  111. 

Coal  Mining  Investigations  Bull.  6,  1914. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  II  (Jackson  County) :  111.  Coal  Mining 


Investigations  Bull.  7,  1914. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  VI    (Franklin,  Jackson,  Perry,   and 

Williamson  counties):   111.  Coal  Mining  Investigations  Bull.  8,  1914. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  III  (western  Illinois):   111.  Coal  Min- 


ing Investigations  Bull.  9,  1915. 

Coal  mining  practice  in  District  IV  (central  Illinois) :  111.  Coal  Mining 

Investigations  Bull.  12,  1915. 

Coal  mining  in  Illinois:  111.  Coal  Mining  Investigations  Bull.  13,  1915. 


Bbment,  A.,  Illinois  coal  field:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  16,  p.  182,  1910. 

Cady,  G.  H.,  Geology  and  coal  resources  of  West  Frankfort  quadrangle;  111.  State 
Geol.  Survey  Bull.  16,  p.  242,  1910. 

Coal  resources  of  District  I  (Longwall) :  111.  Coal  Mining  Investiga- 
tions Bull.  10,  1914. 

Coal  resources  of  District   VI    (Franklin,   Jefferson,   and   Williamson 


counties):   111.  Coal  Mining  Investigations  Bull.  15,  1916. 
Coal  resources  of  District  II   (Jackson  County) :    111.  Coal  Mining  In- 


vestigations  Bull.   16,   1917. 

DeWolf,  F.  W.,  Coal  investigations  in  the  Saline-Gallatin  field:  111.  State  Geol. 
Survey  Bull.  8,  p.  121,  1907. 

—  Coal  investigations  in  Saline  and  Williamson     counties:     111.     State 

Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  p.  230,  1907. 

Kay,  F.  H.,  Coal  resources  of  District  VII  (southwestern  Illinois) :  111.  Coal  Min- 
ing Investigations  Bull.  11,  1914. 

Coal  resources  of  District  VIII  (Danville) :  111.  Coal  Mining  Investi- 
gations Bull.  14,  1915. 

Lee,  Wallace,  Coal  in  Gillespie  and  Mount  Olive  quadrangles:  111.  Coal  Mining 
Investigations  Bull.  30,  p.  51,  1917. 

Paee,  S.  W.,  Purchase  and  sale  of  coal  under  specifications:  111.  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey Bull.  29,  1914. 

.  Chemical  study  of  Illinois  coal:   111.  Coal  Mining  Investigations  Bull. 

3,  1915. 

Savage,  T.  E.,  Geology  and  coal  resources  of  the  Herrin  quadrangle:  111.  State 
Geol.  Survey  Bull.  16,  p.  266,  1910. 

Geology   and   mineral   resources   of   the    Springfield   quadrangle:    111. 

State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  20,  p.  97,  1915. 


1  For  other  publications  on  Illinois  coal  and  related  problems  see  bulletins  and 
circulars  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  and  the  Mining  Department 
described  in  the  List  of  Publications   of  the  University  of  Illinois. 


MINERAL  RESOURCES  67 

Shaw,  E.  W.,  Geology  and  coal  resources  of  the  Murphysboro  quadrangle:   111. 

State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  16,  p.  286,  1910. 
and  Savage,  T.  E.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Murphysboro- 

Herrin  folio  (No.  185),  1912. 
—  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Tallula-Springfield  folio 


(No.  188),  1913. 
Udden,  J.  A.,  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  Peoria  quadrangle:     U.     S. 
Geological  Survey  Bull.  506,  1912. 

and  Shaw,  E.  W.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Belleville-Breese 

folio    (No.   195),   1915. 

Young,  C.  M.,  Percentage  of  extraction  of  bituminous  coal  with  special  reference 
to  Illinois  conditions:  111.  Coal  Mining  Investigations  Bull.  100,  1917. 

Young,  L.  E.,  Surface  subsidence  in  Illinois  resulting  from  coal  mining:  111. 
Coal  Mining  Investigations  Bull.  17,  1916. 

• and  Stoek,  H.  H.,  Subsidence  resulting  from  mining:   111.  Coal  Mining 

Investigations  Bull.  91,  1916. 

PETROLEUM  AND  NATURAL  GAS 
Blatchley,  Raymond  S.,  Oil  resources  of  Illinois:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull. 
16,  p.  42,  1910. 

Oil  and  gas  in  Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties:  111.  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey Bull.  22,  1913. 

Plymouth  oil  field:   111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  23,  p.  51,  1917. 

Oil  and  gas  in  Bond,  Macoupin,  and  Montgomery  counties:    111.  State 

Geol.  Survey  Bull.  28,  1914. 

Brokaw,  A.  D.,  Parts  of  Saline,  Johnson,  Pope,  and  Williamson  counties:  111. 
State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  35,  p.  19,  1917. 

Butts,  Charles,  Parts  of  Hardin,  Pope,  and  Saline  counties:  111.  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey Bull.  35,  p.  75,  1917. 

Hinds,  Henry,  Oil  and  gas  in  Colchester  and  Macomb  quadrangles:  111.  State 
Geol.  Survey  Bull.  23,  p.  45,  1917. 

Kay,  F.  H.,  Carlinville  oil  and  gas  field:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  20,  p.  81, 
1915. 

— Petroleum  in  Illinois  in  1914  and  1915:   111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull. 

33,  1916. 

— Notes  on  the  Bremen  anticline:   111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  33,  1916. 


Knirk,  Carl  F.,  Natural  gas  in  the  glacial  drift  of  Champaign  County:  111.  State 

Geol.  Survey  Bull.  14,  p.  272,  1910. 
Lee,  Wallace,  Oil  and  gas  in  Gillespie  and  Mount  Olive  quadrangles:   111.  State 

Geol.  Survey  Bull.  31,  p.  71,  1915. 
Morse,  W.  C,  and  Kay,  F.  H.,  Area  south  of  the  Colmar  oil  field:  111.  State  Geol. 

Survey  Bull.  31,  p.  8,  1915. 
The  Colmar  oil  field — a  restudy:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull. 

31,  p.  37,  1915. 
Rich,  J.  L.,  Allendale  oil  field:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  31,  p.  57,  1915. 
Oil  and  gas  in  the  Birds  quadrangle:   111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  33, 

1916. 
Oil  and  gas  in  the  Vincennes  quadrangle:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull. 

33,  1916. 
Shaw,  E.  W.,  Carlyle  oil  field  and  surrounding  territory:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey 

Bull.  20,  p.  43,  1915. 


68  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

St.  Clair,  Stuart,  Ava  area:    111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  35,  p.  57,  1917. 

Centralia  area:   111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  35,  p.  67,  1917. 

: —  Parts   of  Williamson,   Union,   and   Jackson   counties:    111.    State   Geol. 

Survey  Bull.  35,  p.  39,  1917. 

Udden,  J.  A.,  and  Shaw,  E.  W.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Belleville- 
Breese  folio   (No.  195),  p.  14,  1915. 

Coal  deposits  and  possible  oil  fields  near  Duquoin:  111.  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey Bull.  14,  p.  254,  1910. 

Welter,  Stuart,  Anticlinal  structure  in  Randolph  County:  111.  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey Bull.  31,  p.  69,  1915. 

GASOLINE 

Burrell,  F.  M.  S.,  and  Oberfell,  G.  G.,  The  condensation  of  gasoline  from  nat- 
ural gas:   U.  S.  Bureau  of  Mines  Bull.  88,  1915. 

Kay,  F.  H.,  Petroleum  in  Illinois  in  1914  andl915:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull. 
33,  1916. 

CLAY  AND  CLAY  PRODUCTS 

Bleininger,  A.  V.,  Lines,  E.  F.,  and  Layman,  F.  E.,  Portland  cement  resources  of 

Illinois.   111.   State   Geol.   Survey   Bull.   17,   1912. 
Cady,  G.  H.,  Cement-making  materials  near  La  Salle  (includes  analyses  of  clay) : 

111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  p.  127,  1909. 
Lines,  E.  H.,  Pennsylvanian  fire  clays  of  Illinois:   111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull. 

30,  p.  61,  1917. 
Parr,  S.  W.,  and  Ernest  T.  R.,  A  study  of  sand-lime  brick:  111.  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey Bull.  18,  1912. 
Purdy,  R.  C,  and  DeWolf,  F.  W.,  Preliminary  investigation  of  Illinois  fire  clays: 

111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  4,  p.  129,  1907. 
Rolfe,  C.  W.,  Purdy,  R.  C,  Talbot,  A.  N.,  and  Baker,  I.  O.,  Paving  brick  and 

paving  brick  clays  of  Illinois:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  9,  1908. 
Shaw,  E.  W.,  and  Savage,  T.  E.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Murphys- 

boro-Herrin  folio  (No.  185),  p.  15,  1912. 
—  U.    S.    Geological    Survey    Geol.    Atlas,    Tallula-Springfield, 

folio   (No.  188),  p.  12,  1913. 
-  and  Trowbridge,  A.  C,  U.   S.  Geological   Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Galena- 


Elizabeth  folio   (No.  200),  p.  12,  1916. 
St.  Clair,  Stuart,  Clay  deposits  near  Mountain  Glen,  Union  County,  Illinois: 

111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  36,  p.  71,  1920. 
Stull,  R.  T.,  and  Hursh,  R.  K.,  Tests  on  clay  materials  available  in  Illinois  coal 

mines:  111.  Coal  Mining  Investigations  Bull.  18,  1917. 
Udden,  J.  A.,  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  Peoria  quadrangle:    U.   S. 

Geological  Survey  Bull.  506,  pp.  89-90,  1912. 
and  Shaw,  E.  W.,  U.  S.  Geological     Survey     Geol.     Atlas,     Belleville- 

Breese  folio  (No.  195),  p.  14,  1915. 
Udden,  Jon,  and  Todd,  J.  E.,  The  occurrence  of  structural  materials  in  Illinois: 

111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  16,  p.  342,  1910. 

LIMESTONE  AND  CEMENT 

Alden,  W.  C,  The  stone  industry  in  the  vicinity  of  Chicago:   U.  S.  Geological 
Survey  Bull.  213,  pp.  357-360,  1903. 


MINERAL   RESOURCES  69 

Bleininger,  A.  V.,  Lines,  E.  P.,  and  Layman,  F.  E.,  Portland  cement  resources 
of  Illinois:   111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  17,  1912. 

Burchard,  E.  F.,  Concrete  materials  in  vicinity  of  Chicago:  111.  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey Bull.  8,  p.  245,  1907. 

Analyses   of   limestone   quarried   in   United    States:    U.    S.    Geological 

Survey  Mineral  Resources,  1911,  pp.   655-697,  1912. 

C'ady,  G.  H.,  Cement-making  materials  near  La  Salle:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey 
Bull.  8,  p.  127,  1907. 

Eckel,  E.  C,  Burchard,  E.  F.,  and  others,  Portland  cement  materials  and  indus- 
try of  the  United  States:  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Bull.  522,  1913. 

Shaw,  E.  W.,  and  Savage,  T.  E.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Murphys- 
boro-Herrin  folio  (No.  185),  p.  15,  1912. 

and  Trowbridge,  A.  C,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Galena- 
Elizabeth  folio  (No.  200)  p.  12,  1916. 

Udden,  J.  A.,  and  Shaw,  E.  W.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Belleville- 
Breese  folio  (No.  195),  p.  14,  1915. 

Udden,  Jon,  The  Shoal  Creek  limestone:  111.  State  Geological  Survey  Bull.  8,  p. 
117,  1907. 

and  Todd,  J.  E.,  The  occurrence  of  structural  materials  in  Illinois:  111. 

State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  16,  p.  342,  1910. 

Van  Horn,  F.  B.,  Limestones  available  for  fertilizers:  111.  State  Geological  Sur- 
vey Bull.  4,  p.  177,  1907. 

Weller,  Stuart,  The  Salem  limestone:   111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  1907. 

LIME 

Burchard,  E.  F.,  Lime:  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Mineral  Resources,  1911,  pt.  2, 
pp.  645-718,  1912. 

■ and  Emley,  W.  E.,  Source,  manufacture,  and  use  of  lime:  U.  S.  Geolog- 
ical Survey  Mineral  Resources,  1913,  pt.  2,  pp.  1,  509-1,  593,  1914. 

Shaw,  E.  W.,  and  Trowbridge,  A.  C,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Ga- 
lena-Elizabeth folio   (No.  200),  p.  12,  1916. 

SAND  AND  GRAVEL 

Burchard,  E.  F.,  Glass  sand  of  the  middle  Mississippi  Basin:   U.  S.  Geological 

Survey  Bull.  285,  1906. 
Production  of  glass  sand,  other  sand,   and  gravel,   in  1909    (includes 

analyses   of   Illinois   sands) :    U.    S.   Geological    Survey   Mineral   Resources, 

1909,  pt.  2,  pp.  519-542,  1911. 
Concrete  materials  in  the  Chicago  district:    111.   State  Geological  Sur- 


vey Bull.    8,   p.   345,   1907. 
Shaw,  E.  W.,  and  Savage,  T.  E.,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Tallula- 

Springfield  folio  (No.  188),  p.  12,  1913. 
Udden,  J.  A.,  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the  Peoria  quadrangle:    U.   S. 

Geological  Survey  Bull.  506,  p.  97,  1912. 
Udden,  John,  and  Todd,  J.  E.,  The  occurrence  of  structural  materials  in  Illinois: 
.    111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  16,  p.  342,  1907. 

FLUORSPAR 
Bain,  H.  Foster,  Fluorspar  deposits  of  southern  Illinois:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Bull. 
255,  1905. 


70  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

Burchard,  E.  F.,   Methods  of  concentration  of  fluorspar:    U.   S.   Geol.   Survey 
Mineral  Resources,  1908,  pp.  609-611,  1909. 

Mining  and  milling  developments  in  the  Illinois  fluorspar  industry: 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Mineral  Resources,  1910,  pp.  706-709,  1911. 

Ulrich,  E.  O.,  and  Smith,  W.  S.  T.,  The  lead,  zinc,  and  fluorspar  deposits  of  west- 
ern Kentucky:  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Prof.  Paper  36,  1905. 

TRIPOLI  OR  SILICA 

Bain,  H.  Foster,  Analyses  of  silica  deposits  of  southern  Illinois:  111.  State  Geol. 

Survey  Bull.  4,  p.  185,  1907. 
Ernest,  T.  R.,  Experiments  on  the  amorphous  silica  of  southern  Illinois:   111. 

State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  p.  147,  1907. 
Savage,  T.  E.,  Lower  Paleozoic  stratigraphy  of  southwestern  Illinois:   111.  State 

Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  p.  113,  1907. 
Williams,  W.   S.,  Artificial  silicates  with  reference  to  amorphous  silica:    111. 

State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  14,  p.  276,  1909. 

LEAD  AND  ZINC 

Bain,  H.  Foster,  Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  Illinois:  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Bull. 
225,  1904. 

Fluorspar  deposits  of  southern  Illinois    (includes  discussion  of  lead 

and  zinc) :  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Bull.  255,  1905. 

Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  northwestern  Illinois:  U.  S.  Geological  Sur- 
vey Bull.  246,  1905. 

Zinc  and  lead  deposits  of  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley:  U.  S.  Geological 


Survey  Bull.  294,  1906. 

Cox,  G.  H.,  Lead  and  zinc  deposits  of  northwestern  Illinois:  111.  State  Geol.  Sur- 
vey Bull.  21,  1914. 

Elizabeth  sheet  of  the  lead  and  zinc  district  of  northern  Illinois:   111. 

State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  16,  p.  24,  1910. 

Grant,  U.  S.,  and  Purdue,  M.  J.,  Millbrig  sheet  of  the  lead  and  zinc  district  of 
northwestern  Illinois:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  p.  335,  1911. 

Shaw,  E.  W.,  and  Trowbridge,  A.  C,  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Geol.  Atlas,  Galena- 
Elizabeth   folio    (No.   200),   1916. 


CLAY  DEPOSITS  NEAR  MOUNTAIN   GLEN 
UNION  GOUNTY,  ILLINOIS1 

By  Stuart  St.  Glair 
OUTLINE 

PAGE 

Introduction 71 

Importance   and   location   of   clay   deposits 71 

Acknowledgments 72 

General    geology    72 

Clay   deposits    73 

Character 73 

Occurrence 77 

Origin 78 

Recommendations  for  prospecting 79 

Descriptions  of  clay  pits 80 

Illinois  Kaolin  Company s0 

French  Clay  Blending  Company 82 

Frederick  E.  Bausch  mine 82 

Goodman   pit 83 

Abandoned  pits 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE 

6.  Graphic  illustration  of  the  laboratory  tests  of  Samples  1,  2,  and  3 . . . .         74 

7.  Pit  of  Illinois  Kaolin  Company 81 

INTRODUCTION 
Importance  and  Location  of  Clay  Deposits 

The  existence  of  fire-clay  deposits  near  Mountain  Glen,  Union 
County,  Illinois,  has  been  known  for  many  years.  Development  on  a  very 
small  scale  was  attempted  at  a  few  places,  and  small  shipments  were  made 
from  time  to  time.  Not  until  the  European  war  cut  off  importation  of 
high-grade  German  refractory  clays  was  the  economic  importance  of  the 
Union  County  fire  clay  generally  recognized.  This  clay  is  reported  to  be 
equal,  if  not  superior,  to  the  foreign  clay  for  the  manufacture  of  graphite 
crucibles  and  glass  pots. 

There  are  at  present  three  producing  mines  in  the  area,  and  a  new 
industry  has  developed  which,  on  account  of  the  high  grade  of  its  product, 
should  weather  the  storm  of  competition  when  it  is  again  possible  for  the 
importation  of  European  fire  clays. 

The  area  in  which  the  clays  are  found  is  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Union  County,  less  than  one  mile  southwest  of  Mountain  Glen,  which  is 

1  First  published  in  1917,   as  an  extract  from  Bull.   36. 

71 


72  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Railroad,  and  about  six  miles  northwest  of  Anna. 
The  three  producing  properties  are  located  in  the  western  half  of  sec.  35, 
T.  11  S.,  R.  2  W.  Several  prospects,  an  abandoned  mine,  and  an  inter- 
mittent producer  are  in  the  vicinity. 

Acknowledgments 
The  writer  wishes  to  express  his  thanks  to  Messrs.  H.  P.  Miller, 
mine  manager  of  the  French  Clay  Blending  Company;  F.  B.  Harriman, 
president  and  manager  of  the  Illinois  Kaolin  Company ;  and  Frederick  E. 
Bausch,  owner  of  the  Bausch  mine,  for  courtesies  extended  to  him  and  for 
aid  given  him  during  the  investigation  of  the  clay  properties. 

GENERAL  GEOLOGY 

No  attempt  was  made  to  study  in  detail  the  stratigraphy  of  the  area. 
The  section,  however,  includes  Devonian,  Mississippian,  and  Pennsyl- 
vanian  formations.  Black  shales  and  cherts  of  Devonian  age  are  present 
in  the  hills  about  half  a  mile  west  of  the  mines,  a  fault  separating  them 
from  the.  Mississippian  rocks  which  outcrop  near  the  mines.  At  the  big 
pit  of  the  Illinois  Kaolin  Company,  the  Spergen  limestone  outcrops,  being 
recognized  by  Weller  by  the  presence  of  Spirifer  subcardiformis,  a  char- 
acteristic fossil.  To  the  north,  the  Chester  and  Pennsylvanian  formations 
are  typically  developed,  a  northwest-southeast  fault  having  dropped  them 
down  at  a  point  a  little  northeast  of  the  clay  mines.  To  the  south  and 
southeast  the  Mississippian  formations  older  than  Chester  are  to  be  found. 

In  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  State  are  deposits  of  sand  and 
clay  laid  down  in  the  "Gulf  embayment"  and  assigned  to  Cretaceous- 
Tertiary  time.  Overlying  these  deposits  are  the  sands  and  gravels  that 
are  referred  to  the  Lafayette.  The  clay  deposits  of  the  area  described  in 
this  report  are  thought  to  have  been  deposited  in  an  arm  of  the  Tertiary 
Gulf  embayment,  which  extended  farther  north  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Paleozoic  uplands  than  did  the  main  embayment  on  the  east  side. 

The  major  faulting  of  the  region  is  post-Pennsylvanian  in  age  and  is 
thought  to  have  taken  place  at  about  the  close  of  the  Paleozoic  era.  The 
even-crested  tops  of  the  Devonian  hills  west,  southwest,  and  south  of  the 
clay  mines,  as  well  as  the  ridges  of  the  Pottsville  escarpment  to  the  north 
and  east,  strongly  suggest  the  former  presence  of  the  peneplain  which  may 
have  reached  its  fullest  development  about  Cretaceous  time.  On  the  hills 
west  of  the  mines,  chert  gravels  were  found  very  sparsely  distributed  at 
elevations  of  more  than  700  feet,  and  they  may  extend  to  a  greater 
elevation. 

Quaternary  lake  deposits  are  found  in  the  valleys  of  the  larger 
streams  on  two  well-defined  terraces,  the  higher  of  which  does  not  exceed 
400  feet.  None  of  these  deposits  extends  up  Clear  Creek  as  far  as  the 
clay  mines,  for  the  elevation  at  the  latter  is  close  to  450  feet. 


CLAY  DEPOSITS    NEAR    MOUNTAIN    GLEN  73 

Alluvium  of  Recent  age  is  found  in  the  flood-plain  areas  of  the 
streams  in  the  region. 

CLAY  DEPOSITS 
Character 

From  a  lithologic  standpoint  there  are  four  kinds  of  clay  in  the 
area — a  bluish-white,  highly  plastic  fire  clay ;  white,  highly  plastic  fire 
clay;  pink,  highly  plastic  fire  clay;  and  pink  and  white,  less-plastic  clays. 
The  first  two  are  the  valuable  commercial  clays.  All  are  very  fine  grained 
and  contain  no  grit  whatever  except  at  the  contacts  with  the  underlying 
and  overlying  sands  or  near  some  sand  pocket  within  the  clay  deposit. 

Three  samples  of  clay  have  been  tested  by  the  Ceramics  Department, 
University  of  Illinois,  under  the  supervision  of  Professor  C.  W.  Parmelee. 
The  results  are  tabulated  below.  Sample  1  is  bluish-white  clay  taken  at  a 
depth  of  58  feet  from  the  surface,  or  50  feet  below  the  top  of  the  clay. 
Sample  2  is  bluish-white  clay  taken  from  a  pit  and  was  30  feet  below  the 
top  of  the  pink  clay  and  15  feet  below  the  top  of  the  bluish-white  clay. 
Sample  3  is  pink  clay  taken  from  the  pit  and  was  about  10  feet  from  the 
top  of  the  clay. 

Sample  1 

Color    Bluish    white 

Plasticity    Very   good 

Water  content  required 32.8  % 

Molding  properties Formed  readily  by  hand  and  flowed  easily 

through  a  die. 

Tensile  strength  of  dry  briquets 124  pounds  per  square  inch 

Bonding  strength,  i.  e.,  the  tensile  strength 
of  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  clay  and 

standard  Ottawa  sand    95.3  pounds  per  square  inch 

Slaking  test,  i.  e.,  the  time  required  for  a 
mixture  of  equal  parts  of  potter's  flint 
and  clay  formed  into  %-inch  cubes  to 
disintegrate    when    submerged    in    water 

at  room  temperature 21  minutes 

Screen  test  of  clay  defloculated  by  use  of  an  appropriate  amount  of  sodium  car- 
bonate gave  the  following  residues — 

200  mesh     0.53% 

100  mesh 0.21 

80  mesh    0.24 

40  mesh     0.04 

20  mesh 0.00 


Total    residue 1.02% 

Drying  shrinkage  of  the  clay  formed  into 
bars  by  forcing  plastic  body  through  a 
die 6.7  % 


74 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


ing 

tests 

Cone 

Color 

Hardness 

Porosity 

Shrinkage 

08 

White 

Scratched    with    knife             37.0% 

2.75% 

06 

do 

do 

36.7 

3.25 

04 

do 

do 

36.9 

3.25 

02 

do 

Steel  hard 

33.7 

4.0 

1 

do 

do 

33.7 

4.0 

S 

do 

do 

23.0 

7.7 

5 

Blue  stoned 

do 

3.25 

11.0 

7 

do 

do 

3.25 

11.5 

9 

do 

do 

3.5 

11.25 

Showed  much  checking  during  the  burning. 

Fusion  test Small  cones  tested  in  gas-and-oil-burning 

furnaces   deformed    (fused)    between 
cones  32  and  33. 


40 


36 


30 


25 


20 


15 


10 


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X 

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>l 

\ 

% 

Shrin 

kage 

o 

Q. 

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Sh 

rinkac 

e 
"Shrh 

lkage 

c 

'c 

3" 
C 

C 
» 
O 

■\y 

Q. 

/ 

/ 
/ 

V'j 

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8 

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asm 

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1   Por 

osity 

Cone 

s 

20 


15 


10 


08      06      04      02      1       3       6       7       9      11 

pIG    e — Graphic  illustration  of  the  laboratory  tests  of  Samples  1,  2,  and  3. 

Sample  2 

C0ior    Bluish   white 

Plasticity    Very   sood 

Water  content  required 34.6% 

Molding  properties formed  readily  by  hand  and  flowed  easily 

through  a  die. 


Tensile   strength   of  dry  briquets 123   pounds  per   square   inch 


CLAY  DEPOSITS   NEAR  MOUNTAIN   GLEN 


75 


Bonding  strength. 
Slaking  test 


pounds  per  square  inch 
29  minutes 


Screen  test,  residues  left— 

200   mesh 0.20% 

100   mesh    0.09 

80  mesh    0.11 

40   mesh    0.02 

20   mesh    0.00 

Total  residue 0.42% 

Drying    shrinkage 7.2% 


Burning  tests — 


Cone 

Color 

Hardness 

08 

White 

Scratched    with    k: 

06 

do 

do 

04 

do 

do 

02 

do 

Steel  hard 

1 

do 

do 

3 

Light  buff 

do 

5    ' 

Blue  stoned 

Vitreous 

7 

do 

do 

9 

do 

do 

on  test . . 

Sample  3 

knife 


Porosity 
36.2% 
36.0 
36.0 
32.2 
32.5 
21.2 

2.5 

3.2 

3.0 


Shrinkagt 

3.0% 

3.2 

3.2 

5.0 

4.5 

8.2 
11.0 
11.2 
11.2 


Color   Dark  rose  pink 

Plasticity Very    good 

Molding  properties .Soft,  easily  crushed;  formed  readily  by 

hand. 

Tensile  strength  of  dry  briquets 95.5  pounds  per  square  inch 

Drying    shrinkage 5.9% 

Slaking  test 30  minutes 

Screen  test,  residue  left — 

200   mesh 0.16% 

100   mesh    0.14 

60   mesh j£ 0.10 

40  mesh    "f. 0.00 


Total  residue 

0.40% 

Burning  tests — 

Cone 

Color 

Hardness 

Porosity 

Shrinkage 

08 

Pink 

35.5% 

3.0% 

06 

do 

Steel  hard 

35.5 

3.0 

04 

do 

do 

34.2 

3.5 

02 

do 

do 

31.8 

4.7 

1 

do 

do 

28.0 

6.5 

3 

do 

do 

12.5 

10.0 

5 

Faint  pink 

do 

6.5 

10.0 

7 

Grayish  white 

do 

2.8 

10.0 

9 

do 

do 

3.6 

10.0 

10 

do 

do 

3.6 

10.0 

Fusion  tests. 

. .  .Deforms  between 

cones  33  and  34 

76 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


These  tests  show  similar  pyrometric  qualities  as  have  already  been 
reported  for  clay  samples  which  were  taken  from  pits  in  the  Mountain 
Glen  district  many  years  ago.1  (These  early  tests  are  given  on  page  175 
of  Bulletin  4,  Illinois  State  Geological  Survey).  Chemical  analyses  of 
the  old  samples  are  tabulated  below.  Sample  D  10  was  taken  at  a  depth 
greater  than  50  feet;  D  11,  40  to  44  feet  in  depth;  D  12,  35  to  40  feet  in 
depth;  D  13  and  D  14  were  taken  from  the  stock  crib  and  represent  the 
beds  from  the  top  of  the  deposit  to  a  depth  of  20  feet. 


Sample 


Moisture 


Volatile 


Si02 


Fe203 


A1203 


TiQ2 


Total 
per  cent 


D  10 

1.25 

9.90 

43.90 

1.76 

40.79 

2.40 

100.00 

D  11 

0.97 

15.37 

48.30 

1.02 

31.14 

3.20 

100.00 

D  12 

0.86 

8.64 

56.55 

1.23 

29.97 

2.75 

100.00 

D  13 

0.90 

9.05 

47.95 

1.23 

37.86 

3.01 

100.00 

D  14 

0.87 

10.61 

52.65 

0.97 

33.98 

2.92 

100.00 

From  the  mechanical  and  pyrometric  tests  made  upon  Samples  1  and 
2,  bluish-white  clay,  the  following  statement  may  be  made  concerning  the 
uses  and  commercial  qualities  of  the  clay.  We  quote  Mr.  C.  W.  Parmelee 
of  the  Department  of  Ceramic  Engineering,  University  of  Illinois. 

This  material  is  a  very  fine-grained,  plastic,  strong,  highly  refractory 
clay  well  suited  for  use  as  a  bond  clay  in  the  manufacture  of  high-grade 
refractories.  Although  its  properties  are  not  quite  the  same  as  those  charac- 
terizing the  European  bond  clays  heretofore  extensively  imported  for  use  in 
the  manufacture  of  graphite  crucibles,  crucibles  for  brass  meltings,  and  other 
purposes,  yet  this  clay  approaches  so  nearly  as  to  warrant  the  belief  that  it 
may  be  used  for  these  purposes. 

The  clay  may  be  used  also  where  a  good  bond  clay  is  required,  as,  for  ex- 
ample, in  the  manufacture  of  chemical  stoneware.  It  also  seems  to  be  possible 
that  further  experiments  may  show  that  this  clay  may  be  substituted  in 
certain  products  for  ball  clay,  providing  that  the  dark  color  developed  by  these 
clays  at  the  higher  temperatures  is  not  objectionable. 

As  stated  in  the  introduction,  these  clays  are  being  satisfactorily  used 
in  place  of  the  European  clays  in  the  manufacture  of  graphite  crucibles 
and  glass  pots. 

In  regard  to  the  commercial  qualities  of  the  pink  clay,  Sample  3, 
Mr.  Parmelee  says  :  

This  clay  is  similar  to  clays  1  and  2  (bluish-white)  in  being  a  highly 
refractory  bond  clay  and  is  suited  to  the  purposes  previously  mentioned.  It 
should  be  noted  that  this  clay  differs  slighty  with  respect  to  the  cone  tempera- 
ture at  which  it  first  attains  its  minimum  porosity.  Clays  1  and  2  show  a 
minimum  porosity  attained  at  two  cones  lower  than  clay  3.  This  characteristic 
is  likely  to  render  clays  1  and  2  better  suited  to  use  for  graphite  crucibles. 


1  Purdy,   Ross,   and   DeWolf,   F.   W.,    Illinois   fire   clays:    111.    State   Geol.    Survey 
Bull.    4,   p.    175,    1907. 


CLAY  DEPOSITS    NEAR   MOUNTAIN    GLEN  77 

An  unusual  feature  of  this  clay  is  the  retention  of  a  pink  color  (lilac  at 
the  higher  temperatures)  up  to  cone  5.  This  is  most  unusual,  and  a  chemical 
analysis  of  the  clay  would  be  of  much  interest. 

It  is  our  opinion  that  the  color  of  the  clay  does  not  affect  its  intrinsic 
value  for  the  purposes  mentioned  and  that  any  method  of  decolorizing  the  clay 
would  be  prohibitively   expensive   and   of   no   real  advantage. 

Occurrence  of  Clays 

The  fire  clays  occur  in  bedded  deposits,  are  underlain  by  sand,  and 
overlain  by  sand,  gravel,  and  in  places  an  iron-cemented  conglomerate. 

In  general,  the  covering  is  loess,  the  thickness  of  which  varies  from 
a  few  feet  to  15  or  more.  Directly  underlying  the  loess  is  a  bed  of  water- 
worn  gravels  which  are  sub-angular  to  rounded,  the  size  of  the  pebbles 
varying  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  three  inches  in  diameter.  The 
thicknesses  of  the  gravel  beds  vary  from  three  inches  to  nearly  two  feet 
in  the  hillside  deposits  and  up  to  eight  feet  in  the  deposits  which  are 
found  in  the  lowland  bordering  the  east  branch  of  Clear  Creek. 

In  typical  exposures  white  and  pale  red,  fine-grained,  micaceous 
sands  underlie  the  gravel  bed  and  have  a  maximum  thickness  of  about 
20  feet.  This  deposit  is  thin  or  absent  in  places.  Underlying  the  sand  is 
the  fire  clay.  In  the  large  pit  of  the  Illinois  Kaolin  Company  the  upper 
part  of  the  fire  clay  is  pink  and  the  thickness  15  feet.  Beneath  the  pink 
clay  is  a  very  thin  bed  of  white  clay  at  the  west  end  of  the  pit,  which 
thickens  to  10  feet  toward  the  center  and  east  side.  Bluish-white  clay  is 
below  the  white  and  in  places  has  a  workable  thickness  of  40  feet  or  more. 
In  some  pits  as  much  as  17  feet-  of  clay  and  lignite  underlie  the  bluish- 
white  commercial  clay.  Below  this  a  white  or  red  water-bearing  sand  is 
usually  encountered. 

Occasional  sand  lenses  are  found  in  the  clay  bodies  and  there  are 
places  where  for  a  small  thickness  the  clay  may  be  sandy ;  the  latter  con- 
dition is  especially  true  near  the  edge  of  a  deposit.  However,  on  the 
whole,  the  clays  are  quite  free  from  sandy  impurities.  Pockets  of  re- 
fractory clay  may  be  found  in  places  within  the  sand  beds  that  overlie 
the  main  clay  bodies.  This  relation  may  be  seen  at  the  pit  of  the  Illinois 
Kaolin  Company.  In  a  few  places  the  upper  part  of  the  white  or  bluish- 
white  clay  has  been  stained  by  the  action  of  surface  waters,  a  light-brown 
to  chocolate  color  probably  being  produced  by  organic  acids,  a  pale  red 
mottling  probably  being  caused  by  iron  solutions. 

Lignite  is  present  in  small  quantities  in  the  bluish-white  clay.  The 
greatest  amount  is  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  deposits  and  may  make  con- 
siderable quantities  of  the  clay  unfit  for  marketing.  In  one  shaft  of  the 
French  Clay  Blending  Company  the  drill  showed  the  lower  17  feet  of  the 
deposit  to  be  lignite  and  clay.  Wherever  small  pieces  of  lignite  are  found, 
or  where  a  piece  may  have  lain,  the  clay  is  stained  a  dark  chocolate  color, 


78  YEARBOOK   FOR    1916 

the  amount  of  clay  discolored  depending  upon  the  original  size  of  the 
woody  piece.  These  streaks  are  in  all  positions,  vertical,  inclined,  and 
horizontal,  a  fact  which  strongly  suggests  that  the  original  vegetable 
matter  was  washed  into  the  depressions  along  with  the  clay.  The  present 
practice  of  discarding  the  lignite-stained  clay  should  be  discouraged.  At 
the  high  heat  to  which  this  clay  is  subjected  in  most  of  its  commercial 
usages,  the  organic  stain  should  entirely  disappear. 

There  are  a  few  small  prospects  located  well  up  on  the  hillsides.  The 
relations  existing  at  these  deposits  are  partly  obscure  owing  to  the  small 
amount  of  development  work  done.  Some  of  the  conditions  of  occurrence 
are  similar  to  those  found  at  the  main  deposits,  but  the  clay  is  apparently 
of  different  quality.  It  is  not  very  plastic  and  resembles  more  a  pottery 
clay.  The  color  is  pink  and  white,  and  the  texture  is  fine  grained.  Gravels 
overlie  the  deposits. 

The  basement  of  the  deposits  has  never  been  determined  by  drilling, 
but  the  writer  suggests  that  it  is  very  probably  limestone.  Only  one  ex- 
posure of  the  wall  rock  was  observed.  This  outcrop  was  about  300  feet 
southeast  of  the  big  pit  of  the  Illinois  Kaolin  Company  and  was  of 
Spergen  limestone.  Other  outcrops  of  limestone  may  be  seen  near  some 
of  the  other  deposits,  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  writer  that  the  clay 
deposits  occupy  depressions  in  a  limestone  area. 

In  at  least  one  deposit  the  pink  clay  attains  considerable  thickness,  a 
shaft  on  the  Goodman  property  having  passed  through  93  feet.  However, 
the  surface  elevation  of  the  top  of  the  pink  clay  of  this  deposit  is  very 
much  higher  than  it  is  at  the  other  deposits.  Of  special  interest  and  a 
feature  that  may  be  of  considerable  importance  in  further  prospecting  is 
the  elevation  to  which  the  bluish-white  clay  extends.  If  we  consider  only 
the  deposits  of  tested  high-grade  fire  clay,  the  highest  elevation  of  the 
bluish-white  and  white  varieties  is  about  470  to  475  feet  above  sea  level. 
Other  clays  in  the  vicinity  extend  about  100  feet  higher,  but  they  are  ap- 
parently of  a  different  grade. 

Origin  of  Clays 

From  a  study  of  the  geologic  occurrence  of  the  clay  deposits,  the 
sedimentary  origin  of  the  large  deposits  in  which  lignitic  material  is 
found  is  obvious.  In  the  smaller  deposits,  wherever  it  is  possible  to  study 
conditions,  the  occurrence  of  the  clay  as  well  as  the  underlying  and  over- 
lying sand  and  gravel  beds  can  be  explained  only  by  sedimentary  de- 
position. However,  the  presence  of  large  faults,  and  probably  some 
smaller  ones,  suggests  the  possibility  of  finding  some  clay  along  one  or 
more  of  the  fault  planes  as  an  alteration  product.  The  less-plastic  clays 
found  on  the  hills  west  of  the  mines  may  belong  to  this  class. 

The  geologic  processes  that  operated  and  the  conditions  that  obtained 
during  the  accumulation  of  the  sedimentary  deposits  found  in  and  around 


CLAY  DEPOSITS   NEAE  MOUNTAIN   GLEN  79 

the  clay  mines  may  be  stated  in  a  short  chronological  history  of  events 
that  must  have  taken  place  in  the  area. 

The  great  Gulf  embayment,  which  spread  over  much  of  the  south- 
central  part  of  the  United  States  during  Cretaceous-Tertiary  time, 
reached  as  far  north  as  the  extreme  southern  end  of  Illinois.  Deposits  of 
sand  and  clay  in  Alexander,  Pulaski,  and  Massac  counties  are  evidence  of 
this  invasion  of  the  sea.  The  finding  of  quite  similar  deposits  just  south- 
west of  Mountain  Glen  would  strongly  suggest  that  an  arm  of  this  em- 
bayment had  reached  the  northwestern  part  of  Union  County,  very  prob- 
ably having  followed  the  course  of  some  stream  valley  west  of  the 
Devonian  highlands,  of  Union  and  Alexander  counties.  This  arm  of  the 
sea  probably  followed  valleys  the  position  of  which  approximated  the 
present  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  smaller  valley  of  Clear  Creek. 

The  surface  of  the  land  over  which  this  arm  of  the  sea  extended  had 
depressions  and  higher  places  probably  quite  similar  to  the  present  surface 
of  the  land  in  this  area.  Deposits  of  sand  and  clay  would,  therefore,  fill 
the  low  places  first.  The  thickness  of  sand  and  clay  in  the  deposits  that 
are  being  worked  is  such  as  to  suggest  that  here  deposition  took  place  in 
limestone  sinks. 

The  first  deposit  was  sand  which  was  followed  by  bluish-white  clay. 
Considerable  vegetable  matter  was  in  the  depressions  and  became  mixed 
with  the  lower  part  of  the  clay  producing  the  highly  lignitic  bluish-white 
clay  that  is  found  in  the  lower  part  of  some  of  the  deposits.  During  the 
deposition  of  the  bluish-white  clay  more  vegetable  matter  was  washed 
into  the  depressions.  Following  the  deposition  of  this  clay,  probably 
without  a  break,  the  white  variety  was  deposited.  There  appears  to  have 
been  a  break  in  deposition  following  the  white-clay  stage  for  the  thickness 
of  the  latter  is  variable.  The  waters  in  which  the  pink  clay  was  deposited 
evidently  reached  a  higher  elevation  than  during  the  preceding  stages,  for 
at  least  one  deep  basin  was  filled  which  had  not  received  any  of  the  earlier 
clay  sediments. 

Following  the  main  clay  stages,  red  and  white  sand  with  some  clay  in 
pockets  was  deposited.  Elevation  of  the  land  throughout  the  whole 
region  at  about  this  time  caused  the  removal  of  fine  sediment  and  the 
deposition  of  coarser  material  which  we  may  tentatively  classify  as 
Lafayette. 

To  recapitulate,  the  fire-clay  deposits  are  sedimentary  in  origin,  the 
clay  having  been  transported  by  water  and  deposited  in  depressions 
which  existed  in  the  old  land  surface. 

Recommendations  for  Prospecting 
If  the  origin  as  outlined  is  correct  then  we  may  expect  to  find  clay 
bodies  only  where  there  were  depressions  in  the  land  surface  over  which 


80  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

the  waters  of  these  early  times  extended.  The  favorable  places  for 
deposition  would  be  in  small  embayments  where  the  movement  of  the 
water  would  be  so  slight  as  to  allow  the  fine  clay  material  held  in  suspen- 
sion to  settle,  yet  where  fresh  supplies  could  be  continually  introduced. 
Such  conditions  as  these,  would  probably  not  obtain  along  the  main  arm 
of  the  sea.  Therefore,  in  the  smaller  reentrants  we  should  expect  to  find 
clay  deposits  commensurate  with  the  size  of  the  surface  depressions  into 
which  the  clay  could  settle. 

As  has  already  been  pointed  out,  there  is  a  fault  a  short  distance  east 
of  the  mines  which  brings  the  sandstone,  shale,  and  limestone  formations 
of  the  Chester  in  contact  with  the  soluble  limestones  of  the  lower  Missis- 
sippian  in  which  area  the  present  known  clay  deposits  occur.  About  half 
a  mile  west  of  the  mines  faulting  has  caused  the  Devonian  shales  and 
cherts  to  form  the  surface  rocks.  It  is  the  writer's  opinion  that  the  large 
depressions  into  which  the  clay  material  could  settle  existed  in  the  area 
of  soluble  limestone  rocks  between  the  two  faults,  these  deep  depressions 
being  sink  holes,  and  that  probably  only  small  depressions  existed  in  the 
less  soluble  rocks  outside  the  central  fault  block. 

If  these  deductions  are  correct,  the  large  clay  deposits  will  be  con- 
fined to  a  relatively  small  area,  although  somewhat  larger  than  that  al- 
ready exploited,  and  the  commercially  valuable  fire  clays  will  probably 
not  be  found  at  a  present  elevation  much  greater  than  480  feet  above  sea 
level.  However,  smaller  deposits  may  be  found  outside  this  area,  and 
prospecting  for  them  should  be  encouraged,  should  the  present  demand 
for  high-grade  refractory  clays  continue. 

The  limiting  of  the  present  field  as  a  result  of  geologic  study  in  this 
small  area  should  not  be  interpreted  to  mean  that  there  are  not  good 
chances  of  finding  large  deposits  in  other  parts  of  the  region.  Wherever 
an  arm  of  the  Gulf  embayment  may  have  reached  an  area  underlain  by  a 
prevailingly  soluble  limestone,  and  where  conditions  were  favorable  for 
the  deposition  of  clay  material  held  in  suspension,  other  large  clay  de- 
posits may  have  formed. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  CLAY  PITS 

Illinois  Kaolin  Company 

The  large  pit,  designated  as  "K"  pit,  of  the  Illinois  Kaolin  Company 
(fig.  7)  is  located  in  the  SW.  yA  sec.  35,  T.  11  S.,  R.  2  W.,  and  is  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  west  of  Kaolin  Station  on  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road. The  pit  has  dimensions  of  approximately  150  by  200  feet  and  is 
about  80  feet  deep  at  the  west  end.  A  section  at  the  west  end  of  the  pit 
shows  the  following  succession: 


CLAY  DEPOSITS    NEAR   MOUNTAIN   GLEN  81 

Section  from   "K"  pit  of  Illinois  Kaolin   Company,   SW.   y±   sec.   35,  T.  11    8., 

R.  2  W. 

Thickness 

Description   of  strata  Feet 

Loess  at  top 

Gravel  bed   1 

Sand,  white,  micaceous;  in  places  stained  pink 10 

Sand,  pink  to  dark  purplish  red,  micaceous 10 

Clay,  pink  to   red,   highly  plastic 15 

Clay,  bluish  white,  highly  plastic 15 

At  the  southwest  corner  is  a  pocket  of  pink  and  white  clay,  slightly 
sandy,  which  occurs  in  the  sand  beds  overlying  the  main  clay  body.  At 
the  east  end  of  this  pocket  is  an  irregular  iron-cemented  conglomerate 
bed.    On  the  north  side  of  the  pit  is  a  small  fault  that  runs  approximately 


Fig.  7. — Pit  of  Illinois  Kaolin  Company. 

east  and  west.  Along  the  fault  plane  is  an  iron  seam  and  altered  clay  of 
a  purple  color.  The  south  side  is  the  downthrow,  and  the  displacement  is 
probably  not  more  than  15  feet. 

The  clay  is  mined  with  two  steam  shovels  and  is  hauled  from  the  pit 
by  a  small  engine.  The  cars  containing  the  clay  are  run  to  a  shed  about 
300  feet  east  of  the  pit,  and  unloaded  on  a  platform  where  it  is  cleaned 
by  hand.  A  switch  from  the  railroad  to  the  platform  facilitates  shipping. 
A  large  shed  was  erected  in  the  fall  of  1916  with  a  storage  capacity  of 
5,000  tons.    A  drying  plant  is  on  the  property  but  is  not  being  used. 

The  company's  property  included  three  other  pits  none  of  which  was 
being  worked  when  the  writer  visited  the  district  in  October,  1916. 
About  a  quarter  of  a  mile  west  of  the  big  pit  is  an  abandoned  shaft  20  to 
25  feet  deep,  known  as  "G"  pit.    It  is  claimed  that  there  are  40  feet  of 


82  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

white  clay  with  a  little  pink  on  top  which  is  almost  non-plastic.  In  this 
respect  the  clay  differs  greatly  from  the  clays  of  the  main  deposit,  which 
is  about  100  feet  lower  in  elevation. 

About  a  sixth  of  a  mile  northwest  of  the  big  pit  is  a  shaft  known  as 
"F"  pit,  from  which  pink  and  white,  partly  plastic  clay  was  taken.  The 
clay  body  is  said  to  be  50  feet  thick  and  to  be  underlain  by  red  sand. 

A  little  north  of  the  big  pit  is  the  location  of  the  earliest  clay  mining 
in  the  district,  which  was  carried  on  by  Dr.  Goodman  of  Cobden.  Pink, 
white,  and  bluish-white  clay  was  mined  from  a  shaft  said  to  have  been 
75  feet  in  depth. 

French  Clay  Blending  Company 
The  property  of  the  French  Clay  Blending  Company  is  in  the  NW. 
34  sec.  35,  T.  11  S.,  R.  2  W.  All  the  mining  on  this  property  has  been 
done  in  shafts.  At  the  present  time  two  shafts  are  being  operated.  They 
are  77  feet  apart  from  end  to  end,  and  drifts  are  being  run  so  as  to  con- 
nect the  two.  What  is  known  as  shaft  No.  3  has  a  depth  of  39  feet.; 
Shaft  No.  4  is  59  feet  deep  and  passed  through  the  following  material : 

Log  of  shaft  No.  4  of  French  Clay  Blending  Company 

Thickness 

Description  of  strata  Feet 

Soil 2 

Gravel 7 

Clay,  brown,  highly  plastic    14         j 

Clay,  bluish-white,   highly  plastic    36 

Clay  mixed    with    lignite    7 

Sand,  white,  water  bearing 

A  small  thickness  of  mottled  pink  and  white  clay  was  encountered 
in  the  two  abandoned  shafts,  extending  below  the  gravel. 

The  two  operating  shafts  are  two-compartment  shafts  with  inside 
dimensions  6  by  12  feet.  They  are  well  timbered  from  the  top  down  to 
the  lowest  level.  The  drifts  are  also  heavily  timbered  up  to  the  working 
faces.  The  clay  was  hoisted  in  buckets  by  horse  power  at  the  time  of  the 
writer's  examination,  but  a  steam  engine  for  hoisting  is  to  be  installed. 

The  company  has  constructed  a  gravel  road  between  their  mine  and 
Mountain  Glen,  over  which  the  clay  is  hauled  to  the  railroad  for  ship- 
ment to  their  refining  plant  at  Effingham,  Illinois.  There  the  clay  is  dried 
on  shelves  under  which  are  steam  pipes;  then  is  handpicked,  and  crushed. 
The  clay  is  marketed  in  sacks. 

Frederick  E.  Bausch  Mine 
The  Bausch  cla}'  mine  is  located  approximately  in  the  center  of  sec. 
.35,  T.  11  S.,  R.  2  W.,  and  just  north  of  Kaolin  Station.     All  mining  is 
done  by  shafts  and  drifting  to  connect  the  shafts.    There  are  three  shafts, 


CLAY  DEPOSITS   NEAR  MOUNTAIN   GLEN  83 

two  one-compartment  and  one  two-compartment.  At  the  time  of  ex- 
amination there  were  three  levels,  the  first  at  20  feet,  the  second  at  27 
feet,  and  the  third  at  34  feet ;  lower  levels  were  planned.  The  shafts  and 
levels  are  heavily  timbered.  Hoisting  is  done  by  steam  and  windlass  at 
present,  but  it  is  the  owner's  plan  to  electrify  the  mine  in  the  near  future. 
The  clay  is  cleaned  by  hand  in  a  shed  before  shipping. 
The  following  is  a  section  through  the  deposit : 

Log  of  Bausch  shaft,  center  sec.  35,  T.  11  8.,  R.  2  W. 

Thickness 

Description   of  strata  Feet 

Alluvium     4 

Gravel    and    alluvium 4 

Clay,  brown   to   cholocate   color 3 

Clay,  bluish-white,    highly   plastic 23+ 

Goodman   Pit 

The  pit  owned  by  Dr.  Goodman  is  located  in  the  NW.  Y\,  sec.  2,  T. 
12  S.,  R.  2  W.  All  the  clay  taken  from  this  deposit  is  of  the  pink  variety. 
In  spots  it  has  a  purple  mottling.  The  clay  is  mined  by  a  shaft  which  is 
immediately  abandoned  when  the  bottom  of  the  deposit  is  reached.  Min- 
ing is  carried  on  only  when  there  is  a  demand  for  a  carload.  Most  of 
the  clay  is  shipped  to  copper  companies  in  the  Lake  Superior  region, 
where  it  is  used  in  lining  retorts. 

Log  of  Goodman  shaft,  NW.  %  sec.  2,  T.  12  8.,  R.  2  W. 

Thickness 

Description    of   strata  Feet 

Loess    10 

Gravels 1 

Sand,  reddish  brown,  argillaceous 2 

Clay,  pink  with  purple  spots,  plastic,  refractory 93 

Sand,  red,  fine  grained 15  + 

Abandoned  Pits 

There  are  a  few  abandoned  pits  and  prospects  in  the  area.  The  one 
which  was  probably  the  most  important  is  in  the  NE.  J4  sec-  3,  T.  12  S., 
R.  2  W.  From  appearances  there  evidently  had  been  considerable  mining 
at  this  point  some  years  ago.  At  least  two  shafts  were  sunk  and  a  plat- 
form 15  feet  high  and  30  by  30  feet  built.  The  only  clay  seen  on  the 
ground  was  pink  in  color. 


THE  STRUCTURE  OF  THE  LA  SALLE  ANTICLINE 

By  Gilbert  H.  Gady 

OUTLINE       - 

PAGE 

Synopsis 89 

Chap.  I — Introduction 92 

Status  of  investigations 93 

Statement   of  purpose 93 

Bibliography 94 

Chap.  II — Historical  review 97 

Resume  of  literature  up  to  1908 97 

Field  observations  since  1908 103 

Chap.  Ill — Description  of  structure  of  rocks  older  than  Pennsylvanian. . .  105 

General  statement 105 

Stratigraphy 105 

Selection  of  structure  datum 106 

Structure  as  determined  by  areal  geology 106 

Structure  as  observed  in  outcrop 108 

"Lower  Magnesian"  limestone 109 

La   Salle    region 109 

Lee  and  Ogle  counties Ill 

St.   Peter   sandstone 112 

La  Salle  region 112 

Lee   and   Ogle   counties . .  , 114 

Platteville  and  Galena  limestone  and  dolomite. 115 

La  Salle  region 115 

Fox  River  region 116 

Lee   and   Ogle  counties 116 

Strata   intermediate   between    Galena   dolomite   and   the   Pennsyl- 
vanian  system 118 

Structure  as  determined  by  drilling , 119 

Preliminary  statement 119 

Structure  map  of  the  surface  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone 119 

Preliminary  statement 119 

Presentation  of  data 120 

Structural  features  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks  as  shown  by 

the  structure  map 127 

The  steep  west  limb  of  the  anticline .  . .  . 127 

Ogle,  Lee,  and  La  Salle  counties  anticline 127 

Southward  pitch  of  the  fold 128 

Basin  west  of  the  anticline 12S 

Minor  structural  features  east  and  north  of  the  axis  of  the 

anticline 129 

Savanna-Sabula  anticline 130 

85 


86  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

OUTLINE— Continued 

PAGE 

Stephenson  and  Ogle  county  line  syncline 132 

Aurora-Pawpaw  syncline 132 

Morris-Kankakee  anticline 133 

Structure  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks  in  Clark,  Crawford  and 

Lawrence   counties 133 

General    structural    relations 133 

Structure    of    pre-Pennsylvanian    rocks    in    the    Hardinville, 

Birds,  Sumner  and  Vincennes  quadrangles 137 

Hardinville  quadrangle 137 

Birds   quadrangle    138 

Sumner  and  Vincennes  quadrangles 139 

Profiles  of  the  surface  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone 141 

Chap.  IV — Description  of  the  structure  of  the  Pennsylvanian  strata......  142 

Preliminary   statement 142 

Areal  geology 142 

Structure  of  Pennsylvanian  rocks  in  the  La  Salle  region  as  revealed 

by  field  investigations  of  outcrops  or  by  mine  examination 143 

Underground    structure 143 

No.  2   coal 143 

Sructure   of  No.   2   coal   in   Black   Hollow   mine 143 

Structure  of  No.  2  coal  in  Rockwell  mine 145 

Structure  of  exposed  rocks 146 

No.  2  coal 146 

Description  of  structure 146 

Development  of  structure 147 

Structure  of  strata  between  No.  2  coal  and  the  La  Salle  lime- 
stone    149 

Structure  of  the  La  Salle  limestone 151 

Regional  structure  of  Pennsylvanian  strata 157 

Preliminary  statement 157 

Interpretation  of  structure  map  of  Pennsylvanian  system. 160 

Preliminary    statement    160 

(1)  Pre-Pennsylvanian    inlier    in     Champaign    and     Douglas 

counties 161 

(2)  Area    of    Pennsylvanian    overlap    in    Vermilion,    Edgar, 

Champaign  and  Douglas  counties , 162 

(3)  Undulations  in  the  crest  of  the  fold 165 

(4)  Variations    in   the   depth    of   the    trough 166 

Chap.  V — Interpretative  studies 171 

Preliminary   statement 171 

History  of  the  deformation  as  determined  by  the  structural  relation- 
ships   171 

Stratigraphic  problems    176 

Some  considerations  concerning  the  dynamics  of  the  deformation...  177 

Conclusion 179 


STRUCTURE   OF  THE  LA   SALLE   ANTICLINE  87 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

PLATE  PAGE 

I.     Map  showing  the  areal  geology  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  and  the 

"Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  in  Lee  and  Ogle  counties 118 

II.     Structure  map  of  the  surface  of  St.  Peter  sandstone 128 

III.  Map  of  Clark,  Crawford,  and  Lawrence  counties  showing  oil  pools, 

drill  holes,  depths  to  the  Mississippian  "Big  Lime,"  and  No.  2  and 

No.  6  coals,  and  structure  contours  on  the  Kirkwood  sand 132 

IV.  Structure  section  from  Mahomet  south  to  southern  Lawrence  county  136 
V.     Profiles   of  the   surface   of   St.   Peter   sandstone 140 

VI.     Structural  relationships  in  La  Salle  County  near  Black  Hollow  mine  144 

VII.     Structure  of  No.  2  coal  in  Rockwell  mine 148 

VIII.     Structure   of   Pennsylvanian   strata   across   the   La   Salle    anticline 

based  upon  determined  or  estimated  altitude  of  No.   2  coal....  160 
IX.     Map   of  northern  extension  of  the   Chester  sediments   and   of  the 

Mississippian   "Big   Lime"    in    Illinois 172 

FIGURE 

8.  Sketch    map    of    the    structural    elements    in    northern    and    eastern 

Illinois    88 

9.  Structure  of  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  along  Illinois  valley 

between  La  Salle  and  Utica 110 

10.  A  close  fold  in  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  along  a  tributary 

to  Franklin   Creek , Ill 

11.  Outcrop  of  St.  Peter  sandstone  overlain  unconformably  by  Pennsylvan- 

ian   strata    at    Split    Rock 113 

12.  Dip  and  strike  in  Black  Hollow  mine 144 

13.  Structural  and   stratigraphic  relationships   at   Split  Rock 148 

14.  Diagrammatic    sketches    showing    the    succession    of    events    in    the 

La    Salle    region 150 

a.  Showing   the   older   rocks    folded   prior   to   the    deposition    of 

peat  which  forms  No.  2  coal. 

b.  No.  2  coal  and  older  rocks  folded  along  the  axis  lying  east  of 

the  original  line  of  deformation. 

c.  No.  2  coal  and  older  rocks  folded  along  a  line  west  of  the  two 

other  lines  of  deformation. 

15.  Map  of  the  La  Salle  region  showing  the  distribution  of  the  La  Salle 

limestone    152 

16.  Structure  of  the  La  Salle  limestone  in  the  NW.  %  sec.  31,  T.  33  N., 

R.  1  E 154 

TABLES 

30.  Well  data  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone 120 

31.  Index  of  published  records  of  drillings  and  coal  shafts  in  the  eastern 

part  of  the  Illinois  coal  basin 158 

32.  Depth  and  altitude  of  the  rock  surface  and  the  age  of  the  bed  rock  at 

various  places  in  Champaign  and  Douglas  counties 161 

33.  Depth  and  altitude  of  No.  2  coal  at  several  localities  in  Livingston,  Mc- 

Lean,  and  Woodford   counties 169 


ILLINOIS  C 


Fig.  8. — Sketch  map  of  the  structural  elements  in  northern  and  eastern 
Illinois. 

A.  Stephenson-Ogle  county  line  syn-       D.  Ogle,    Lee,    and    LaSalle    coun- 

cline.  ties  anticline 

B.  LaSalle   anticline  E.  Morris-Kankakee  anticline. 

C.  Savanna-Sabula  anticline  F.  Anticlines  and  terraces  diverg- 

ing from   the  main   anticline. 


SYNOPSIS 

The  LaSalle  anticline  has  been  known  as  an  asymmetrical  fold  prob- 
ably extending  in  Illinois  from  Stephenson  County  on  the  north  through 
Lawrence  County  on  the  southeast.  The  structure  is  well  exposed  along 
Illinois  River  near  LaSalle,  and  from  that  town  the  deformation  takes 
its  name.  The  structural  relationships  are  such  that  two  periods  of 
deformation  are  readily  recognized,  one  between  Galena  and  Pennsyl- 
vanian  times  and  the  other  some  time  after  the  deposition  of  No.  2  coal 
in  the  LaSalle  region. 

The  results  of  the  present  studies  are  to  a  large  extent  summarized 
in  two  structure  maps,  one  (PL  II)  based  on  the  altitude  of  the  top  of 
the  St.  Peter  sandstone  which  shows  the  total  amount  of  deformation 
since  St.  Peter  time,  and  the  other  (PL  VIII)  based  on  the  altitude  of 
No.  2  coal  which  shows  the  amount  of  deformation  since  the  deposition 
of  that  coal  but  which  is  applicable  to  a  slightly  different  area  than  the 
first  map.  These  maps  show  with  as  great  detail  as  is  practicable  the 
position  and  form  of  the  anticline  and  associated  structures,  and  a  com- 
parison of  the  two  gives  an  approximate  idea  of  the  character  and 
amount  of  the  structural  unconformity  between  Pennsylvanian  and  pre- 
Pennsylvanian  or  possibly  pre-Chester  rocks. 

The  structural  forms  of  special  interest  shown  on  the  structure  maps 
and  described  in  the  text  consist  of  the  following  elements:  (1)  An 
asymmetrical  anticline  extending  south  from  LaSalle  into  the  oil  fields  of 
Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties — the  LaSalle  anticline;  (2)  a  synclinal 
trough  to  the  east  of  the  anticline,  which  becomes  relatively  deep  in 
Vermilion  County  and  which  with  the  portion  extending  into  Indiana,  is 
the  northern  part  of  the  Indiana  coal  basin;  (3)  a  synclinal  trough  to 
the  west  of  the  anticline,  which  forms  the  larger  and  main  portion  of  the 
Illinois  coal  basin.  The  anticline  and  adjacent  synclines  vary  in  strength 
because  of  the  varying  rates  of  southward  pitch.  In  general  where  the 
crest  of  the  anticline  is  high  it  parallels  a  place  in  the  trough  to  the  west 
that  is  correspondingly  low,  and  where  the  crest  pitches  more  steeply 
south  the  trough  either  rises  or  else  pitches  less  steeply  than  the  crest  in 
the  same  direction.  The  southward  pitch  of  the  east  trough  seems  to  be 
fairly  uniform  as  far  as  Vermilion  County,  but  south  of  Vermilion 
County  the  rate  of  pitch  decreases. 

Additional  elements  of  the  structure  may  be  cited:  (4)  A  zone  of  in- 
clined strata  dipping  into  the  coal  basin  is  the  continuation  of  the  west 

89 


90  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

limb  of  the  LaSalle  anticline  and  can  be  traced  in  this  State  from  LaSalle 
northwest  toward  the  Mississippi  near  Savanna.  East  of  the  anticline 
the  edge  of  the  coal  basin  is  less  definitely  marked,  but  seems  to  be  repre- 
sented across  the  fold  by  the  steep  pitch  between  LaSalle  and  Streator, 
and  is  possibly  traceable  northeast  toward  Sheridan.  (5)  A  broad  anti- 
clinal uplift  of  rather  indefinite  extension  continues  from  near  Sheridan 
along  Fox  River  northwest  toward  Elkhorn  Creek  basin  in  northwestern 
Ogle  County,  with  a  branch  extending  toward  Savanna.  This  anticlinal 
structure  will  be  called  the  Ogle,  Lee,  and  LaSalle  counties  anticline. 
(6)  The  east  side  of  this  anticline  is  very  irregular  in  contour,  due  to 
several  minor  anticlines  and  synclines  directed  toward  the  east  from  the 
larger  fold. 

Four  of  these  minor  transverse  folds  are  described.  The  northern- 
most is  a  syncline  which  lies  along  the  Stephenson  and  Ogle  County  line 
and  seems  to  limit  the  main  fold  in  that  direction.  This  is  the  Stephen- 
son-Ogle County-line  syncline.  At  Oregon  a  well-marked  anticline  is 
apparently  the  extension  of  an  anticline  which  crosses  the  Mississippi 
Valley  at  Savanna  and  at  Sabula  in  Iowa — the  Savanna-Sabula  anticline. 
This  deformation  is  abruptly  terminated  to  the  north  near  Oregon  by  a 
syncline,  but  the  south  limb  has  a  gentle  slope.  The  third  minor  struc- 
ture is  the  Pawpaw-Aurora  syncline,  its  position  being  indicated  by  its 
name.  It  has  not  been  shown  whether  or  not  this  syncline  entirely 
crosses  the  main  anticline  as  a  well-defined  feature.  The  slope  of  the 
strata  in  the  south  limb  of  this  structure  is  steep,  especially  between 
Sheridan  and  Yorkville  and  between  Somonauk  and  Sandwich.  Finally, 
as  a  fourth  structure  there  is  the  Morris-Kankakee  anticline  which  prac- 
tically amounts  to  a  continuation  of  the  larger  Ogle,  Lee,  and  LaSalle 
counties  anticline  toward  the  southeast. 

The  position  of  the  various  elements  of  structure  as  outlined  above 
is  shown  graphically  on  the  accompanying  sketch  map  (figure  8). 

In  addition  to  the  elements  of  structure  shown  by  structure  maps, 
others  are  also  described.  (7)  A  structural  unconformity  exists  between 
Pennsylvanian  and  Mississippian  strata  in  the  southeastern  Illinois  oil 
fields,  the  older  rocks  pitching  more  steeply  to  the  south  and  being  more 
definitely  folded  across  the  anticline.  Furthermore,  (8)  it  appears  that 
the  strata  are  not  steeply  inclined  eastward  from  the  axis  of  the  anticline, 
but  that  this  gently  inclined  surface  is  interrupted  by  anticlines  or  ter- 
races diverging  from  the  axis  of  the  LaSalle  anticline  and  swinging  off  to 
the  east.  By  these  structures  the  east  flank  of  the  fold  is  broken  into 
two  or  three  steps  the  level  of  each  of  which  is  successively  lower  than 
the  level  of  the  step  to  the  north. 

Certain  structural  relationships  between  different  formations, 
groups,  series,  and  systems  may  be  briefly  summarized.     (1)   The  struc- 


LA   SALLE  ANTICLINE:        SYNOPSIS  91 

ture  of  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  is  not  parallel  to  that  of  the 
St.  Peter  sandstone,  but  it  is  not  evident  that  the  deformation  of  the 
older  strata  is  restricted  to  the  later  belt  of  folding.  (2)  A  slight  struc- 
tural unconformity  exists  between  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  and  the 
Platteville  dolomite.  (3)  Structural  unconformity  also  exists  between 
the  Chester  group  and  underlying  strata  and  between  the  Chester  group 
and  the  overlying  Pennsylvanian  strata.  The  fact  of  the  unconformity 
below  the  Chester  group  is  indicated  by  the  rapid  deepening  of  the 
Chester  basin  near  its  northern  edge  and  by  the  non-parallelism  of 
Chester  and  older  Mississippian  strata  in  Lawrence  County.  (4)  There 
is  apparently  widespread  structural  unconformity  below  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian system.  (5)  Within  the  Pennsylvanian  system  there  is  at  least 
one  and  possibly  two  or  more  structural  unconformities,  and  apparently 
the  final  movement  along  the  anticline,  at  least  toward  the  south,  took 
place  before  the  close  of  Pennsylvanian  deposition. 

The  structural  forms  and  relationships  as  presented  in  the  preceding 
resume  may  be  interpreted  from  an  historical  point  of  view.  The  main 
result  of  such  a  study  is  to  show  the  probability  that  the  deformation 
along  the  anticline,  except  for  slight  and  poorly  defined  movements  at 
earlier  times,  took  place  between  the  close  of  the  Lower  Mississippian 
(pre-Chester  time)  and  before  the  end  of  Pennsylvanian  times,  and  that 
there  were  periodic  movements  during  this  interval. 

The  structures  are  also  considered  from  the  standpoint  of  earth 
dynamics.  It  is  thought  that  the  anticlinal  structure  and  other  structures 
described  are  contemporary  with  and  possibly  in  part  the  result  of  the 
subsidence  of  the  Chester  and  Pennsylvanian  basins. 


CHAPTER  I— INTRODUCTION 

Crossing  Illinois  from  Stephenson  County  on  the  north  to  Lawrence 
County  on  the  south  is  a  persistent  structural  feature  known  as  the  La 
Salle  anticline.  By  reason  of  the  widespread  covering  of  glacial  drift 
over  the  hard  rocks  of  the  State,  the  surface  configuration  shows  response 
to  rock  structure  in  only  a  few  places,  so  that,  as  a  surface  feature,  the 
anticline  is  not  prominent.  But  were  the  drift  entirely  removed,  as  much 
of  it  has  been  in  the  valleys  of  the  Rock  and  the  Illinois,  structures  as 
interesting  as  those  there  displayed  would  be  found  generally  along  the 
folded  area,  and  the  crest  or  axis  of  the  fold  would,  for  much  of  its 
length,  be  the  watershed  between  important  river  basins. 

The  La  Salle  anticline  accounts  for  the  variation  in  the  age  of  the 
bed-rock  across  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Erosion  has  beveled  a 
fairly  even  surface  across  the  uplifted  strata,  so  that  older  and  older 
beds  are  exposed  toward  the  line  of  greatest  uplift.  The  oldest  rocks 
outcropping  in  the  State,  the  "Lower  Magnesian,"  are  found  outcropping 
here  and  there  where  the  rocks  have  been  uplifted,  their  occurrence 
indicating  the  trend  of  the  deformation. 

Formations  of  economic  value  become  accessible  because  of  this  struc- 
ture. Such  are  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone,  a  source  of  natural- 
cement  rock ;  the  St.  Peter  sandstone,  from  which  is  obtained  large  quan- 
tities of  glass  and  foundry  sand ;  and  the  Platteville  limestone,  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement.  The  discovery  of  coal  in  Illinois 
was  made  along  Illinois  river  on  the  east  flank  of  the  anticline.  The 
economic  importance  of  the  deformation  in  southeastern  Illinois  in  sup- 
plying structures  favoring  the  accumulation  of  oil  and  gas  needs  no  em- 
phasis. 

Aside  from  its  economic  bearing,  the  anticline  has  considerable  gene- 
ral and  academic  interest.  The  very  existence  of  this  structural  feature, 
in  the  midst  of  a  region  in  which  nearly  flat-lying  rocks  prevail,  is  note- 
worthy. The  relationship  of  the  rock  structure  to  the  scenic  picturesque- 
ness  of  the  Illinois  and  Rock  river  valleys  where  they  cross  the  anticline 
is  evident,  and  the  successive  changes  in  the  rock  strata  outcropping  in 
the  bluffs  of  the  Illinois  between  Ottawa  and  La  Salle  commonly  excite 
the  comment  of  the  traveler.  The  La  Salle  region  is  visited  yearly  by 
classes  from  educational  institutions  and  by  others  seeking  illustrations 
of  the  simpler  geologic  principles. 

92 


LA  SALLE   ANTICLINE :       INTRODUCTION  93 

Status  of  Investigations 

That  an  asymmetrical  anticline  extends  through  Illinois  from 
Stephenson  County  on  the  north  to  Lawrence  County  on  the  south  has 
been  believed  for  at  least  ten  years.  The  inclination  of  the  rocks  in  the 
La  Salle  region,  where  they  are  uncovered  in  the  valley  of  the  Illinois 
and  along  its  tributaries,  received  mention  in  the  literature  more  than 
fifty  years  ago,  and  the  nearness  of  the  city  of  La  Salle  to  the  ex- 
posures of  inclined  beds  has  given  the  deformation  its  more  common 
name — the  La  Salle  anticline.  A  broad  uplift  in  Ogle  and  Lee  counties, 
but  one  not  producing  conspicuous  inclination  of  the  rocks  is  especially 
evident  in  the  vicinity  of  Grand  Detour.  The.  continuity  of  the  uplift 
at  Grand  Detour  with  the  anticline  at  La  Salle  was  early  suspected,  and 
the  name  Grand  Detour-La  Salle  anticline  accordingly  appears  in  the 
literature.  The  continuation  of  the  uplift  southeast  from  near  La  Salle 
into  southern  Livingston  County  was  believed  certain  by  the  geologists 
of  the  Worthen  Survey,  and  its  probable  continuation  as  far  as  Tuscola 
in  Douglas  County  postulated  by  Worthen  on  the  basis  of  a  diamond- 
drill  boring  at  that  town.  South  of  Tuscola  the  probable  continuation 
of  the  fold  was  not  definitely  considered  until  the  oil  fields  were  devel- 
oped in  Clark,  Crawford,  and  Lawrence  counties  in  1905  and  1906. 

The  existence  of  the  anticline  was  accepted  by  the  present  Geological 
Survey  as  a  rather  vague  condition  of  structure.  Sufficient  information 
has  since  been  collected,  however,  to  determine  definitely  its  form  and 
position  for  most  of  its  length.  The  investigations  in  the  oil  fields  have 
made  it  possible  to  trace  the  anticline  through  Clark,  Crawford  and 
Lawrence  counties ;  the  studies  near  La  Salle  have  furnished  much  infor- 
mation concerning  the  details  of  the  structure  in  that  region ;  and  enough 
field  work  has  been  done  along  the  fold  in  Lee,  Ogle,  Carroll,  and 
Stephenson  counties  to  determine  the  general  character  of  the  defor- 
mation north  of  the  coal  basin.  In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State 
the  lay  of  the  rocks  has  been  recently  determined  from  detailed  studies 
of  the  water-bearing  strata  by  C.  B.  Anderson.  From  time  to  time, 
without  respect  to  any  definite  investigations,  the  Survey  has  received 
the  drilling  records  of  wells  located  near  the  probable  position  of  the  axis 
of  the  anticline.  With  this  sort  of  information,  especially,  it  is  possible 
to  follow  the  structure  from  La  Salle  County  through  Livingston,  Mc- 
Lean, Champaign,  Douglas,  and  Coles  counties  to  the  southeastern  Illi- 
nois oil  field. 

Statement  of  Purpose 
The  present  report  purposes  to   assemble  the   material   relative  to 
the  form  and  position  of  the  anticline  that  has  been  collected  by  the 


94  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

present  Survey,  the  primary  endeavor  being  to  map  the  position  of  the 
fold  and  to  indicate  its  contour.  Detailed  observations  of  the  structure 
in  regions  where  the  rocks  outcrop  will  be  presented  as  throwing  light 
on  the  history  of  the  deformation. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Contributions  to  the  literature  of  the  LaSalle  anticline  include  the 
following : 

1838 
Shepard,  C.  U.,  Geology  of  upper  Illinois:  Amer.  Jour,  of  Sci.,  vol.  34,  pp.  134-161, 
1838. 

1861 
Everett,  Oliver,  Geology  of  a  section  of  the  Rock  River  Valley  from  Oregon  to 
Sterling:  111.  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  Trans,  vol.  1,  pp.  53-58,  1861. 

1866 
Worthen,  A.  H.,  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois,  vol.  1,  p.  5,  1866.     Lesquereux, 
Leo,  Report  on  the  coal  fields  of  Illinois:  Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  vol.  1,  pp. 
208-237,  1866. 

1868 
Freeman,  H.  C,  La  Salle  County:  Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  vol.  3,  pp.  257-287,  1868. 

1870 
Bannister,   H.   M.,   Geology   of   Kendall   County:    Geol.    Survey   of   111.,   vol.    5, 
pp.  136-148,  1870. 

1873 
Shaw,    Hon.    James,    Geology    of    Lee    County:    Geol.    Survey    of    111.,    vol.    5, 
pp.  124-139,  1873. 

Geology  of  Ogle   County:     Geol.   Survey   of   111.,  vol.    5,  pp.    104-123, 

1873. 
Geology  of  Stephenson  County:     Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  vol.  5,  pp.  57-74, 


l;    1873. 

1875 
Freeman,  H.  C,  Geology  of  Livingston  County:      Geol.   Survey  of  111.,  vol.   6, 
pp.  235-244,  1875. 

1882 
Chamberlin,  T.  C,  Geology  of  Wisconsin,  vol.  4,  pp.  425-427,  1882. 
See  also  PL  VIII,  opposite  p.  399. 

1883  '   c  • 

Worthen,  A.  H.,  Notes  on  La  Salle  County:  Geol.  Survey  of  111.,  vol.  7,  p.  39. 

1885 
Evans,  Dr.  E.,  Vermilion  River  coal  field:   Streator,  111.,  1885. 

1890 

James,  Joseph  E.,  On  the  Maquoketa  shales  and  their  correlation  with  the  Cin- 
cinnati group  of  southwestern  Ohio:  Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p.  335,  1890. 

Tiffany,  A.  R.,  Record  of  a  deep  well  at  Dixon,  Illinois:  Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  5,  p. 
124,   1890. 

Worthen,  A.  H.,  Geol.  Survey  of  111.  vol.  8,  p,  25,  1890. 


la  saixe  anticline:     introduction  95 

1891 
McGee,  W.  J.,  Pleistocene  history  of  northeastern   Iowa:    U.   S.   Geol.    Survey, 
11th  Ann.  Rept,  Pt.  I,  p.  189  ff,  and  p.  342. 

1894 
Hershey,  Oscar  H.,  The  Elkhorn  Creek  area  of  St.  Peter  sandstone  in  north 
western  Illinois:  Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  14,  pp.  169-179,  1894. 

1895      -  -- 

Udden,  J.  A.,  Geological  section  across  the  northern  part  of  Illinois:   Rept.  of 
Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners,  pp.   117-151,  1895. 

1896 
Leverett,  Prank,  Water  resources  of  Illinois:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  17th  Ann.  Rept., 

Pt.  2,  pp.  695-849,  1896. 
Hershey,  Oscar  H.,  Preglacial  erosion  cycles   in  northwestern   Illinois:    Amer. 
Geol.,  vol.   18,  p.  71,  1896. 

1897 
Hershey,  Oscar  H.,  Physiographic  development  of  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley, 
Amer.   Geol.,  vol.  20,  p.  246,  1897. 

1897-1898 
Huett,  John  William,  Essay  toward  a  natural  history  of  La  Salle  County,  Illi- 
nois:  Ottawa,  1897-1898. 

1899 
Leverett,  Frank,  Illinois  Glacial  Lobe:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Mon.  38,  p.  553,  1899. 
(Hypsographic  map  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone:  Plate  XXIII,  p.  556). 

1902 
Ashley,  George  H.,  The  eastern  interior  coal  field:   Iowa  Geol.  Survey  vol.  16, 
pp.  567-649   (Deformations  p.  640),  1905. 

1906 
Blatchley,  W.  S.,  The  petroleum  industry  of  southeastern  Illinois:  111.  State  Geol. 

Survey  Bull.  2,  1906. 
Weller,  Stuart,  The  geological  map  of  Illinois:   111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  1, 

1906. 
Geologic  structure  of  the  State:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  2,  1906. 

1908 
Bain,  H.  Foster,  Geology  of  Illinois  petroleum  fields:   Economic  Geology,  vol.  3, 

p.  481,  1908. 
Cady,  G.  H.,  Cement  making  materials  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Salle,  Illinois:   111. 
State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  8,  pp.  127-134,  1908. 

1909 
Carman,  J.  Ernest,  The  Mississippi  Valley  between   Savanna  and   Davenport: 
111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  13,  1909.     (Savanna-Sabula  arch,  p.  10  ff.) 

1910 
Blatchley,  R.  S.,  Oil  resources  of  Illinois  with  special  reference  to  the  area  out- 
side the  southeastern  fields:   111.  State  Geol  Survey  Bull.  16,  pp.  50,  58, 
66,  128,  and  165,  1910. 
Bement,  A.,  The  Illinois  coal  field:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  16,  p.  188,  1910. 


96  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

1911 

Blatchley,  R.  S.,  Oil  investigations  in  Illinois;  Western  Soc.  Eng.  Jour.,  vol.  16, 

No.  5,  pp.  369-396,  1911. 

1912 
Blatchley,  R.   S.,  The   structural  relations  of  the  oil   fields  of  Crawford   and 

Lawrence  counties,  Illinois:    Trans.  111.  Acad,  of  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  87,  1912. 
■ The  structural  relations  of  the  oil  fields  of  Crawford  and  Lawrence 

counties,   Illinois:    Econ.   Geol.,  vol,  7,  No.   6,  pp.   574-582,   1912. 
— The  Illinois  petroleum  fields:  Amer.  Geog.  Soc.  Bull.,  vol.  44,  No.  6, 

pp.   417-426,   1912. 
• Structure  of  the  principal  oil  fields  of  Illinois:  Min.  and  Eng.  World 

vol.  37,  pp.  1098-1099,  1912. 
Cady,  G.  H.,  Geological  sequence  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Salle  as  revealed  by  recent 

drilling:  Trans.  111.  Acad,  of  Sci.,  vol.  5,  p.  87,  1912. 

1913 
Blatchley,  R.  S.,  The  oil  fields  of  Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties:    111.  State 
Geol.   Survey  Bull.  22,  1913.      (General  structure  of  region  of  La  Salle 
anticline,  pp.  142-144). 

1915 
Cady,  G.  H.,  Coal  resources  of  District  I  (Longwall) :  111.  Coal  Mining  Investi- 
gations Bull.  10,  1915. 

1916 

Rich,  J.  L.,  Oil  and  gas  in  Birds  quadrangle:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  33, 
p.  105,  1916. 

Oil  and  gas  in  the  Vincennes   quadrangle:    111.   State  Geol.   Survey 

Bull.   33,  p.   147,  1916. 

Sauer,  Carl  O.,  Geography  of  the  upper  Illinois  Valley  and  history  of  develop- 
ment:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  27,  pp.  46-48,  1916. 

Savage,  T.  E.,  Alexandrian  rocks  of  northeastern  Illinois  and  eastern  Wiscon- 
sin:  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.  vol.  27,  p.  305,  1916. 


CHAPTER  II— HISTORICAL  REVIEW 
Resume  of  Literature  up  to  1908 

A.  H.  Worthen1  in  1866  described  the  approximate  position  of  the 
axis  of  the  anticline  and  its  trend  as  follows: 

"The  most  northerly  [axis  of  disturbance]  crosses  the  north  line  of  the 
State  in  Stephenson  County,  and  intersects  Rock  River  at  Grand  de  Tour  and 
the  Illinois  at  Split  Rock  between  La  Salle  and  Utica.  This  uplift  brings  the 
St.  Peter  sandstone  to  the  surface  on  Rock  River  and  the  "Lower  Magnesian" 
limestone  (Lower  Silurian)  on  the  Illinois.  Its  general  trend  is  from  north- 
northwest  to  south-southeast,  and  its  extent  southward  beyond  the  Illinois  has 
not  yet  been  determined.  It  elevates  the  coal  measures  to  the  surface  in  the 
vicinity  of  La  Salle  from  a  depth  of  from  three  to  four  hundred  feet,  this 
showing  that  the  disturbance  took  place  at  a  period  subsequent  to  the  deposition 
of  the  coal  formation." 

Worthen  failed  to  describe  the  structural  unconformity  which  is  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  features  of  the  anticline  in  the  LaSalle  region, 
deformation  plainly  having  taken  place  both  before  and  after  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  "Coal  Measures".  H.  C.  Freeman2  (1868)  contributed  the 
following  information  in  regard  to  the  evidence  of  two  periods  of  folding : 

"West  of  the  axis  the  Coal  Measures,  where  resting  on  the  Trenton  at  the 
outcrop,  are  inclined  at  an  angle  of  about  ten  degrees,  the  dip  of  the  Trenton 
being  forty  degrees.  The  Coal  Measures  extend  over  and  rest  unconformably 
on  the  St.  Peter's  also,  at  about  the  same  angle.  The  Trenton  and  St.  Peter's 
are  everywhere  conformable  to,  and  appear  to  be  the  same  with,  the  Calciferous. 

"The  good  exposures  of  Trenton  and  St.  Peters,  from  Deer  Park  north- 
ward, on  the  west  side  of  the  axis,  give  a  dip  of  forty  degrees  to  the  south- 
west. Southward  from  Deer  Park  the  dip  becomes  less,  being  about  six  degrees 
at  Lowell,  with  the  Coal  Measures  still  unconformable  at  a  less  angle.     *     *     * 

"North  of  the  Illinois  River,  east  of  the  axis,  and  in  the  Illinois  bluffs  on 
the  south  side,  the  Coal  Measures  resting  on  the  St.  Peter's  sandstone  are 
conformable  to  it.  Farther  south  there  seems  to  be  an  increasing  dip  in  a 
southeast  direction  of  the  sandstone,  or  a  less  dip  of  the  Coal  Measures,  and  the 
Trenton  comes  in  between.    This  may  be  seen  in  Covel  Creek  near  its  mouth." 

Freeman's  account  of  the  unconformity  at  Split  Rock  and  Deer 
Park  and  the  structural  relation  of  the  "Coal  Measures"  and  older  rocks 
west  of  the  axis  of  the  anticline  is  essentially  correct  and  so  far  as  it 
goes  can  be  accepted  today.  The  relationship  of  the  "Coal  Measures" 
and  St.  Peter  sandstone  east  of  the  axis  is  everywhere  apparently  one  of 
unconformity  and  not  conformity  as  Freeman  states.     Freeman  also  in 


1  Worthen,  A.  H.,  Geol.  Survey  of  Illinois,  vol.  1,  p.   5.   1866. 

2  Freeman,  H.  C,  La  Salle  County:  Geological   Survey  of  Illinois,   vol.  3,   p.  261, 

1868. 

97 


98  YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 

the  same  pages  from  which  the  preceding  quotations  are  taken,  describes 
with  considerable  detail  the  course  of  the  "anticlinal  axis"  across  LaSalle 
County. 

Seven  years  later  (1875)  the  same  writer1  described  the  continu- 
ation of  the  "anticlinal"  axis  into  Livingston  County  as  follows : 

"The  great  anticlinal  axis  which  crosses  the  Illinois  River  near  Utica,  in 
La  Salle  County,  and  which  is  very  clearly  defined  in  the  north  bluff  of  the 
Illinois  Valley,  having  its  central  line  two  miles  west  of  Utica  and  a  direc- 
tion of  south  33  degrees  east,  extends  through  Livingston  County,  its  central 
line  lying  a  little  east  of  the  Vermilion  River." 

In  1873  the  Hon.  James  Shaw2  contributed  the  volume  of  the 
Illinois  reports  which  concerns  the  geology  of  northwestern  Illinois,  in- 
cluding Ogle,  Lee,  and  Stephenson  counties.  In  the  chapter  on  Lee 
County  he  says : 

"The  St.  Peter's  sandstone  on  Rock  River,  as  will  be  seen  by  a  reference 
to  my  report  upon  the  geology  of  Ogle  County,  is  chiefly  developed  in  the 
latter  county.  For  a  distance  of  about  fourteen  miles  above  Oregon  city  and 
terminating  a  short  distance  below  the  mouth  of  Pine  Creek,  it  is  a  very  marked 
feature  of  the  Rock  River  bluffs.  The  outcrop  extends  back  but  a  short  distance 
from  the  bluffs.  In  some  of  the  ravines  and  intersecting  streams  it  can  be 
traced  for  one,  two,  or  three  miles.  On  the  east,  north,  and  west  of  these 
sandstone  bluffs,  the  formation  terminates  abruptly,  sinks  out  of  sight  rapidly, 
and  seems  like  an  abrupt  anticlinal  axis  pushed  boldly  up  into  the  air.  On 
these  sides  the  overlying  formations  are  piled  as  it  were  against  the  side  of  the 
sandstone  uplift.  But  on  the  south  side  it  sinks  away  more  gradually,  and 
doubtless  is  the  underlying  rock  for  most  of  the  distance  in  a  southeast  direc^ 
tion  to  the  great  upheaval  at  Deer  Park  and  Starved  Rock,  on  the  Illinois  River. 
A  line  drawn  from  the  mouth  of  Franklin  Creek  up  that  stream,  thence  on 
a  southeast  course  to  the  southeast  corner  of  Lee  County,  and  thence  to  the 
Illinois  River  through  La  Salle  County,  for  the  most  or  all  of  that  distance 
passes  over  this  deposit.  A  line  from  Oregon  city  to  the  same  point,  or  lines 
from  intermediate  points  on  Rock  River  to  the  same  point  would  pass  over 
formations  almost  identical.  From  the  uplift  on  Rock  River  to  that  on  the 
Illinois  River,  there  is  probably  a  low  axis  of  elevation  somewhere  in  the  sec- 
tion of  the  county  bounded  by  the  above  imaginary  lines." 

The  preceding  account  of  the  structure  in  Lee  County  merits  recog- 
nition mainly  because  of  the  suggested  correlation  of  the  Lee-Ogle  coun- 
ties uplift  with  the  anticline  described  by  Worthen  and  Freemann  at  La 
Salle.  The  details  of  the  structure  in  Lee  and  Ogle  counties  are  un- 
scientifically described,  and  it  is  evident  from  recent  investigations  in 
the  region  that  many  significant  geological  features  were  overlooked. 


1  Freeman,  H.   C,   Geology  of  Livingston  County:  Geol.   Survey  of  Illinois,  vol. 
6,  p.  235,   1875. 

2  Shaw,  James,  Geology  of  Lee  County:   Geol.   Survey  of  Illinois,   vol.   5,  p.   124- 
139,    1873     (p.    127). 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE '.       HISTORICAL    REVIEW  99 

The  presence  and  general  position  and  extension  of  the  anticline 
had  apparently  been  recognized  by  1882  for  in  that  year  T.  C.  Chamberlin1 
presented  a  map  of  Wisconsin  and  parts  of  adjoining  states,  showing  the 
main  flexure  axes  and  dips.  On  this  map  is  shown  a  main-central  north 
and  south  axis  beginning  just  north  of  Pecatonica  River  between  Freeport 
and  Rockford,  and  continuing  thence  northward  to  the  Lake  Superior 
heights.  The  La  Salle-Grand  Detour  axis  is  indicated  as  passing  near  La 
Salle  and  Grand  Detour  and  as  possibly  continuing  in  a  northwest  di- 
rection along  the  west  watershed  of  the  Pecatonica  basin  to  the  central 
part  of  the  southwestern  Wisconsin  lead  and  zinc  region.  Another  axis 
is  shown  as  possibly  running  east-northeast  from  Savanna  toward  the 
Pecatonica  and  Rock  rivers  and  crossing  the  axis  of  the  La  Salle  anti- 
cline in  the  vicinity  of  Polo,  Ogle  County,  Illinois. 

The  next  important  contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  the  anticline 
is  in  volume  VIII  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois2  published  in 
1890.  In  the  chapter  on  economic  geology  Worthen  describes  the  core 
from  a  diamond-drill  boring  at  Tuscola  in  Douglas  County,  and  writes 
as  follows : 

"The  oblique  fracture  of  the  core  taken  from  this  boring  showed  that  the 
limestones  passed  through,  dip  at  an  angle  of  about  20  degrees,  which  would 
give  an  exaggerated  thickness  to  the  beds  as  reported,  and  shows  that  this  boring 
is  on,  or  very  near  the  center  of  the  great  anticlinal  axis,  which  crosses  northern 
Illinois  diagonally  through  the  counties  of  Ogle  and  La  Salle,  but  is  hidden 
in  its  southeastern  extension  by  the  superincumbent  deposits  of  drift  material. 

"There  is  probably  a  considerable  area  along  the  line  of  the  above-mentioned 
axis  extending  through  the  counties  of  Livingston,  Ford,  Champaign  and  Doug- 
las, that  is  colored  as  coal  measures  on  the  map,  where  no  valuable  deposits 
of  coal  will  be  found,  such  deposits  having  been  removed  by  erosion  if  they 
formerly  existed  over  the  axis  as  seems  probable,  but  the  boundaries  and  extent 
of  this  barren  area  can  only  be  determined  by  the  drill,  or  artificial  excava- 
tions, as  there  are  no  natural  outcrops  that  will  help  to  define  its  extent.  *  *  * 
How  far  south  this  axis  extends  is  a  point  as  yet  undetermined  by  the  drill  or 
the  more  expensive  method  of  shafting.  If  it  extends  to  the  Wabash  River  it 
would  cross  that  stream  in  the  vicinity  of  Vincennes." 

Until  the  investigations  by  the  present  Survey  in  the  newly  developed 
southeastern  oil  field  in  1905  the  preceding  statements  by  Worthen  repre- 
sented the  latest  knowledge  relative  to  the  continuation  of  the  fold  to  the 
southeast.  Meanwhile  O.  H.  Hershe)^3  an  independent  investigator, 
worked  out  some  of  the  structural  features  of  the  northern  part  of  the 


1  Chamberlin,    T.    C,    Geology    of    Wisconsin,    vol.    4,    PI.    VIII,    1S82. 

2  Worthen,   A.   H.,   Economical    Geology:    Geol.    Survey   of   Illinois,    vol.    8,    p.    25 
1890. 

3  Hershey,  Oscar  H.,   The  Elkhorn  Creek  area  of  St.   Peter  sandstone  in  north- 
western Illinois:  Amer.  Geol.  vol.  14,  p.  176,  1894. 


100  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

State,  north  of  the  Grand  Detour,  and  discovered  the  area  of  St.  Peter 
sandstone  and  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  in  the  Elkhorn  Creek  basin. 
Of  the  structure  in  this  area  he  writes  in  1894 : 

"The  area  whose  geology  is  under  discussion  is  crossed  by  three  anticlinal 
axes.  The  main  axis  trends  from  northwest  to  southeast  and  is  a  continuation 
of  the  Grand  de  Tour-La  Salle  anticlinal,  which  is  the  chief  axis  of  northern 
Illinois.  This  anticline  in  the  Elk  Horn  district  is  not  very  prominent,  the 
strata  dipping  in  both  directions  from  the  crest  at  a  rate  not  exceeding  30  feet 
per  mile.  This  alone  could  not  have  brought  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  to  light; 
but  it  is  the  intersection  of  this  with  two  east  and  west  anticlinals  which  has 
so  elevated  the  formation  that  stream  erosion  has  laid  it  bare.  These  two 
secondary  axes  are  so  close  together  that  the  synclinal  trough  between  is  almost 
imperceptible.  It  is  rather  to  be  described  as  a  flat-topped  uplift  from  one 
to  two  miles  wide,  with  a  slight  axis  or  ridge  at  either  side  of  it.  But  from 
the  fact  that  these  two  bordering  ridges  diverge  and  become  more  easily  dis- 
tinguishable to  the  west,  I  prefer  to  consider  them  as  two  anticlines.  They 
sweep  across  the  district  in  slightly  curved  lines,  trending  in  a  general  east 
and  west  direction,  and  concave  to  the  north.  On  a  line  directly  south  from 
the  city  of  Preeport,  the  curvature  is  rather  more  decided  than  farther  east 
or  west,  the  axis  there  turning  from  a  slightly  south  of  east  to  a  slightly  north 
of  east  direction.  It  has  been  observed  that  all  deformations  of  this  portion 
of  Illinois  which  come  in  by  gently  curved  lines  from  Iowa  turn  rather  abruptly 
toward  the  east-northeast  on  or  near  this  same  north  and  south  line.  From  this 
fact,  and  because  there  was  sometimes  an  island  and  always  an  ascent  to  an 
elevated  part  of  the  sea  bottom  on  the  site  of  the  present  Elk  Horn  valley, 
it  is  inferred  that  this  line  occupies  the  position  of  the  crest  of  a  southern 
prolongation  of  the  ancient  area  of  uplift  which  has  been  frequently  denomin- 
ated the  "Isle  of  Wisconsin".  This,  in  the  subsequent  reelevation  and  corru- 
gation of  the  territory,  would  determine  the  position  of  the  most  southern  point 
of  the  various  anticlinals  which  Chamberlin,  McGee,  and  other  geologists  have 
shown  to  sweep  around  the  Isle  of  Wisconsin  in  approximately  concentric 
courses." 

Hershey's  description  of  the  Elkhorn  Creek  area  was  followed  the 
next  year  by  a  description  of  a  cross  section  through  the  La  Salle  region 
from  Rock  Island  to  the  Indiana  State  line  by  Professor  J.  A.  Udden.1 
Udden  had  access  to  numerous  records  of  deep  wells  drilled  since  the 
earlier  investigations.  With  the  help  of  these  he  was  able  to  show  that 
whereas  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  rest  upon  St.  Peter  sandstone  east  of 
the  anticline,  they  lie  upon  Niagaran  or  possibly  Devonian  rocks  west 
of  the  fold.    Concerning  the  structural  features  of  the  anticline  he  says  :2 

"These  are  of  the  simplest  kind  and  may  be  regarded  as  typical  of  the 
structure  found  in  the  upper  Mississippi  Valley.  We  see  two  blocks  of  hori- 
zontal  or   only  very   slightly  inclined   strata  separated   by   a  monoclinal   fold. 


1  Udden,  J.  A,,  A  geological  cross  section  across  the  northern  part  of  Illinois: 
Rept.    of    the    111.    Board    of    World's    Fair    Commissioners,    p.    122,    1893. 

2  Idem,   p.  144. 


LA   SALLE   ANTICLINE:        HISTORICAL   REVIEW  101 

The  downthrow  and  the  trough  limb  is  on  the  west,  while  the  upthrow  and  the 
arch  limb  is  on  the  east.  The  total  displacement  of  the  Silurian  strata  amounts 
to  1,575  feet,  while  the  Carboniferous  beds  are  only  displaced  about  625  feet. 
The  trend  of  the  axis  of  disturbance  is  considerably  west  of  north,  the  strike  of 
the  outcrops  of  the  upturned  coal  measures  being  about  N.  30°  W.  The  average 
dip  in  the  displacement  at  La  Salle  is  about  22  degrees  for  the  Silurian  rocks 
and  about  8  degrees  for  the  coal  measures.  The  block  of  strata  west  of  the 
monocline  is  nearly  horizontal  in  an  east  to  west  direction  from  Rock  Island 
to  Annawan  and  from  Princeton  to  La  Salle,  but  between  Annawan  and  Prince- 
ton there  is  a  dip  to  the  east  of  about  25  feet  to  the  mile,  or  there  is  a 
concealed  displacement  of  that  extent  between  these  two  places.  This  dip  may 
partly  be  accounted  for  by  the  dip  to  the  south  which  is  along  the  whole 
section.  The  block  of  strata  on  the  east  of  the  monocline  has  a  nearly  uniform 
dip  to  the  east  of  about  12  feet  to  the  mile." 

In  1896  and  again  in  1899  Leverett1  made  important  contributions 
to  the  geology  of  the  State  and  incidentally  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
La  Salle  anticline.  In  the  earlier  report  Leverett  summarizes  the  infor- 
mation regarding  the  anticline  to  date  and  presents  on  Plate  CXIII  a 
hypsographic  map  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  of  Illinois  and  western  In- 
diana. On  this  map  areas  where  the  sandstone  is  respectively  above  sea 
level,  within  500  feet  below  sea  level,  and  more  than  500  below  sea  level 
are  shown  by  colors.  He  also  presents  a  cross  section3  of  the  State  from 
Rock  Island  to  Joliet  similar  to  the  one  presented  by  Udden.  The 
map  and  cross  section  are  reproduced  in  the  Illinois  Glacial  Lobe,3  pub- 
lished in  1899. 

Following  the  organization  of  the  present  State  Geological  Survey 
there  was  prepared  by  Professor  Weller4  a  brief  summary  of  the  geology 
of  the  State  to  accompany  a  geologic  map.  This  summary  includes  a 
statement  of  the  information  available  concerning  the  anticline  but  does 
not  relate  to  new  investigations  except  in  the  southeastern  Illinois  oil 
region.  On  the  geologic  map  the  upper  and  lower  "Coal  Measures"  are 
distinguished  and  the  "northeastern  border  of  the  area  colored  as  Upper 
Coal  Measures  *  *  *  *  *  is  drawn  along  the  supposed  southeastward  ex- 
tension of  the  anticlinal  axis  which  has  elevated  the  older  Ordovician 
formations,  the  Lower  Magnesian  limestone,  and  the  St.  Peter  sandstone 
in  Ogle,  Lee,  and  La  Salle  counties.  In  the  present  map,"  to  continue  to 
quote  from  Weller,  "this  line  is  drawn  farther  to  the  west  in  its  southern 


1  Leverettt,     Frank,     Water    resources     of    Illinois:     U.     S.     Geol.     Survey     17th 
Ann.  Rept.  pt.  2,  p.  790,   1896. 

2  Idem,   p.   792. 

3  Leverett.    Frank,    Illinois    Glacial    Lobe;    U.    S.    Geol.    Survey    Mon.    38,    p.    554, 
and  PI.   XXIII,    1899. 

i  Weller,    Stuart.      The   geological   map   of   Illinois:    Illinois    State    Geol.    Survey 
Bull.   1,   1906. 


102  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

extension  than  in  the  original  Worthen  map.  This  change  was  made  on 
account  of  data  secured  at  Tuscola  and  near  Urbana,  made  since  the  pub- 
lication of  that  map, x  and  because  of  data  more  recently  obtained  from 
the  development  of  the  oil  fields  southeast  of  Charleston  which  seems  to 
be  associated  with  the  extension  of  the  La  Salle  anticline.  Nearly  the 
entire  area  through  which  this  line  is  drawn  is  so  deeply  covered  with 
drift  that  no  rock  outcrops  are  anywhere  exposed,  and  the  distribution  of 
the  underlying  formation  can  only  be  determined  through  the  records  of 
deep-well  borings  which  are  all  too  few."2 

The  same  year  a  map  showing  the  position  of  the  La  Salle  anticline 
was  published  by  Professor  Weller  in  a  bulletin  by  W.  S.  Blatchley3  on 
the  Petroleum  Industry  of  Southeastern  Illinois. 

In  1908  Bain4  discusses  the  deformation  as  follows : 
"The  best  known  and  probably  most  important  [anticlinal]  is  the  La  Salle 
anticline.  This  is  represented  in  Ashley's  sections  D-D  and  E-E.5  In  the  for- 
mer it  is  incorrectly  shown  as  due  to  faulting.  The  major  deformation  at  La 
Salle  is  by  folding  and  the  difference  in  position  of  the  coal  beds  on  opposite 
sides  of  the  line  of  deformation  is  complicated  by  unconformity.  Faulting  if 
present  is  a  minor  phenomenon.  In  section  E-E  Ashley  correctly  indicates 
a  probable  anticlinal  structure  a  short  distance  east  of  Charleston.  This 
same  structure  was  indicated  by  Weller,  and  its  important  relation  to  the  oil 
pools  pointed  out  in  advance  of  the  development  in  Lawrence  County,  and  when 
in  fact,  very  little  oil  had  yet  been  found  in  Crawford  County.     *     *     * 

"If  the  La  Salle  anticline  be  projected  on  any  good  map,  it  will  be  found 
to  run  through  not  only  the  present  producing  pools  in  Illinois  but  the  Prince- 
ton field  in  Indiana.  The  fact  that  in  southeastern  Illinois  the  general  structure 
of  the  field  is  anticlinal  is  abundantly  proven,  both  by  study  of  rock  out- 
crops and  drill  records." 

The  details  of  the  structure  in  the  Clark  and  Cumberland  county 
fields  are  described  to  some  extent  for  the  first  time  by  Bain6  in  the 
article  from  which  the  previous  quotation  is  taken,  as  follows : 

"It  remains  true  that  within  the  general  limits  of  the  La  Salle  anticline 
there  are  evidently  modifying  conditions  which  determine  the  productivity  or 
non-productivity  of  individual  areas.     The  distribution  of  the  gas  and  oil  in 


1  Geol.    Survey  of   Illinois  vol.   8,   p.   25. 

2  Weller,    Stuart,    The   geological   map   of   Illinois:   111.    State    Geol.    Survey   Bull. 
1,   p.    22,    1906. 

3  Blatchley,   W.   S.,    The   petroleum   industry   of   southeastern   Illinois:    111.    State 
Geol.    Survey   Bull.    2,    PI.    I,    p.    22,    1906. 

4  Bain,    H.    Foster,    Geology    of    Illinois    petroleum    fields:    Economic     Geology, 
vol.  3,  p.   486,   1908. 

"Ashley,    G.   H.,    The   eastern    interior   coal   field:    U.    S.    Geol.    Survey    22d   Ann. 
Rept.,   pt.    3,   PI.   XVIII. 
6  Idem,   p.   487. 


LA  SALLE  ANTICLINE!       HISTORICAL  REVIEW  103 

individual  pools  seems  to  point  to  something  more  than  differences  in  porosity 
of  the  beds,  though  that  is  undoubtedly  important  here  as  elsewhere.  Along 
the  south  line  of  Westneld  Township,  level  lines  have  been  run  to  a  number 
of  wells,  and  the  oil  sand  has  been  correlated.  This  work  shows  the  presence 
of  an  arch  four  miles  wide,  with  its  crest  100  feet  above  the  lowest  explored 
portion  of  the  limbs.  Six  miles  south,  a  similar  line  of  wells  shows  an  arch 
129  feet  high  with  an  explored  width  of  two  miles.  Across  the  Siggins  pool 
to  the  west  a  similar  section  shows  a  68-foot  arch,  four  miles  wide.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  the  Siggins  pool  shows  an  arch  parallel  to  the  main 
one,  and  that  the  barren  area  between  the  two  pools  corresponds  to  a  depressed 
or  possibly   synclinal  area  between". 

Field  Observations  Since  1908 

By  1908  the  general  position  and  extension  of  the  anticline  within  Illi- 
nois had  been  pointed  out.  Subsequent  investigations  have  involved  more 
detailed  study  of  portions  of  the  fold  such  as  was  afforded  (1)  by  de- 
tailed geological  investigations  in  the  field,  (2)  by  the  great  number  of 
drill  holes  located  in  Lawrence  and  Crawford  counties  after  the  discov- 
ery of  the  oil  pools,  and  (3)  by  the  constantly  increasing  number  of  wild- 
cat drillings  adjacent  to  the  anticline  and  additional  deep  wells  for  water. 
The  investigations  concerning  the  structure  in  Crawford  and  Lawrence 
counties  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State  were  made  between  1908 
and  1913  by  R.  S.  Blatchley,  and  the  results  of  these  investigations  ap- 
pear in  various  bulletins,  magazines,  and  journals  between  these  dates. 
More  recently  the  area  of  the  Birds  and  Vincennes  and  Sumner  and  Har- 
dinville  quadrangles  located  in  the  Lawrence  and  Crawford  county  field 
has  been  restudied  by  Blatchley,  Savage,  and  Rich.  x  The  Allendale  field 
which  probably  has  structural  relationship  with  the  La  Salle  anticline  was 
described  in  1915  by  J.  L.  Rich.2 

Geological  work  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  along  the  anticline 
has  been  done  almost  entirely  by  the  writer  in  connection  with  investiga- 
tions of  cement  resources  of  the  State  in  1907, 3  the  mapping  of  the  geol- 
ogy of  the  La  Salle  quadrangle  in  1912,  in  investigations  of  the  coal  re- 


iRich,  J.  D.,  Oil  and  gas  in  the  Birds  quadrangle:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  Bull. 
33,  p.  105,  1916.  Also,  Oil  and  gas  in  the  Vincennes  quadrangle:  111.  State  Geol. 
Survey    Bull.    33,    p.    147,    1916. 

Savage,  T.  B.,  and  Blatchley  R.  S.,  Description  of  the  Sumner  and  Vincennes 
quadrangles:  Unpublished  manuscript,  111.  State  Geol.  Survey  files,   1914. 

Savage,  T.  E.,  Description  of  Hardinville  quadrangle:  Unpublished  manuscript, 
111.  State  Geol.  Survey  files,   1914. 

.2Rich,    J.    L.,    The    Allendale    oil    field:    111.    State    Geol.    Survey    Bull.    31,    pp. 
59-67,    1915. 

3Cady,  G.  H.,  Cement  making  materials  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Salle.  Illinois: 
111.   State   Geol.    Survey  Bull.    8,   pp.    127-134,    1908. 


104  YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 

sources  of  the  Longwall  district  in  1914,  1  in  special  investigations  in  Lee, 
Ogle,  and  Stephenson  counties  in  1915,  and  in  mapping  the  geology  of  the 
Ottawa  quadrangle  in  1916. 

During  the  years  following  1908  Professor  Udden  reported  on  sev- 
eral wells  located  near  to  the  axis  of  the  anticline  as  indicated  by  Weller. 
The  records  of  these  wells  have  been  published  by  the  State  Geological 
Survey.2  Drill  samples  of  other  wells  have  been  studied  by  Professor 
T.  E.  Savage  and  by  other  members  of  the  Survey. 

More  recently,  principally  in  1914  and  1915,  Mr.  C.  B.  Anderson 
carried  on  elaborate  investigations  of  the  water  resources  of  northeastern 
Illinois  and  added  materially  to  the  knowledge  of  the  structure  and 
stratigraphy  and  areal  geology  of  that  part  of  the  State.  Liberal  use 
has  been  made  of  records  and  information  collected  by  Mr.  Anderson. 

Paleontologic  and  stratigraphic  investigations  of  strata  involved  in 
the  fold  have  been  made  from  time  to  time  by  Professor  T.  E.  Savage, 
especially  as  concerns  the  Richmond  formations  and  the  rocks  of  the 
Alexandrian  series.  The  results  of  investigations  of  the  Richmond  for- 
mations have  not  been  fully  determined,  but  enough  has  been  done  to 
convince  Professor  Savage  of  the  existence  of  a  faunal  barrier  during 
Richmond  times  at  approximately  the  position  of  the  La  Salle  anticline.3 
In  a  recent  paper  on  the  Alexandrian  series  he  refers  to  a  certain  group 
of  rocks  as  being  "on  the  east  side  of  the  La  Salle  anticline."4 

Stratigraphers,  paleontologists,  and  paleogeographers,  except  for 
Savage,  have  failed  in  general  to  accord  the  anticline  its  merited  atten- 
tion. This  is  probably  because  of  the  lack  of  actual  description  of  the 
structure  except  for  almost  casual  references  in  the  literature,  and  hence 
of  a  lack  of  appreciation  of  its  possible  significance. 


1  Cady,    G.   H.,    Coal   resources    of   District   I    (Long-wall) :    111.    Coal   Mining   In- 
vestigations  Bull.    10,    1915. 

2  Udden,    J.    A.,    Some    deep    borings    in    Illinois:    111.    State    Geol.    Survey    Bull. 
24,    1914. 

3  Oral   communication. 

4  Savage,    T.   E.,    Alexandrian   rocks    of   northeastern   Illinois    and   eastern   Wis- 
consin,   Bull.    Geol.    Soc.   Amer.    vol.    27,    p.    305,    1916. 


CHAPTER    III— DESCRIPTION     OF     THE     STRUCTURE     OF 
STRATA  OLDER  THAN  PENNSYLVANIAN 

General  Statement 
The  description  of  the  structure  of  the  La  Salle  anticline  will  be 
considered  under  two  heads,  namely,  the  structure  of  rocks  older  than 
Pennsylvanian  and  the  structure  of  Pennsylvanian  rocks.  This  division 
of  the  subject  seems  advisable  because  of  the  lack  of  Pennsylvanian 
strata  over  the  northern  part  of  the  State  and  because  of  the  structural 
unconformity  between  Pennsylvanian  strata  and  earlier  rocks  within  the 
area  in  which  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  are  present,  signifying  a  deforma- 
tion previous  to   Pennsylvanian  time. 

Stratigraphy 
In  the  following  description  of  the  structure  of  the  pre-Pennsylvan- 
ian  rocks  a  general  knowledge  on  the  part  of  the  reader  of  the  details  of 
the  stratigraphy  of  the  State  such  as  may  be  gained  by  a  study  of  the 
geologic  map  furnished  by  the  State  Geological  Survey  is  assumed.  An 
understanding  of  the  structure  requires  mainly  an  appreciation  of  the 
relationship  of  the  following  strata  or  series  of  strata.  At  the  top  are  the 
Pennsylvanian  coal  measures  consisting  of  shales  and  sandstones  with 
minor  amounts  of  limestone  and  coal ;  below  the  Pennsylvanian,  where 
not  eroded  or  absent  are  the  Upper  Mississippian  or  Chester  shales,  sand- 
stones, and  limestones,  followed  below  by  the  Lower  Mississippian  lime- 
stones and  calcareous  shales,  the  Devonian  black  shale  and  limestone,  the 
Niagaran  dolomite,  the  Ordovician  shales  and  limestone  of  Richmond  age, 
dolomite  and  limestone  of  Galena-Platteville  or  Kimmswick-Plattin  age 
and  sandstone  of  St.  Peter  age.  The  St.  Peter  sandstone  is  commonly 
underlain  by  a  heavy  dolomite  or  dolomite  and  sandstone — the  "Lower 
Magnesian" — which  rests  upon  a  series  of  sandstone,  sandy  shales,  and 
dolomite  that  is  commonly  but  incorrectly  called  Potsdam  sandstone.  The 
general  relationship  of  these  various  members  of  the  geologic  section  in 
Illinois  is  shown  on  the  columnar  sections  and  structure  cross-sections 
that  accompany  the  geologic  map  of  the  State.  The  stratigraphic  rela- 
tions and  distribution  of  these  various  members  of  the  Illinois  section 
cannot  be  discussed  here ;  it  is  sufficient  for  the  purposes  of  this  report  to 
state  that  the  main  divisions  especially  those  below  the  Silurian  and  above 
the  "Lower  Magnesian"  are  recognizable  over  large  areas.  Thicknesses 
seem  to  be  persistent  and  characteristic,  and  lithologic  variations  are  lack- 

105 


106  YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 

ing  or  are  of  minor  importance,  so  that  the  identification  of  the  lower 
members  of  the  section  is  not  difficult  lengthwise  of  the  anticline. 

Selection  of  a  Structure  Datum 
Of  the  formations  most  readily  recognizable  the  St.  Peter  sandstone 
is  especially  characteristic.  It  is  essentially  the  only  sandstone  below  the 
Chester  or  Upper  Mississippian  and  lies  between  two  massive  dolomite 
formations.  Furthermore,  its  physical  characteristics  are  conspicuous, 
the  grains  being  composed  of  colorless  quartz,  each  grain  being  well 
rounded  and  all  grains  of  a  fairly  uniform  size.  From  observations  in 
areas  of  outcrop,  it  is  believed  that  the  surface  of  the  sandstone  was  es- 
sentially level  when  the  succeeding  dolomite  was  laid  upon  it,  or  that  if 
irregularities  did  exist  the  relief  did  not  exceed  40  to  50  feet.  Accord- 
ingly deformations  which  have  affected  strata  along  the  anticline  can  be 
measured  by  reference  to  the  surface  of  the  sandstone  as  a  datum  plane. 

Structure  as  Determined  by  the  Areal  Geology 
In  the  review  of  the  literature  up  to  1908  the  general  position  and 
character  of  the  fold  has  been  indicated.  Subsequent  description  con- 
cerns certain  features  and  relationships  not  described  by  earlier  investi- 
gators, either  because  the  information  was  not  at  hand  or  through  failure 
to  interpret  correctly  or  to  observe  phenomena. 

One  of  the  readiest  means  of  determining  the  position  of  the  axis 
of  the  La  Salle  anticline  is  by  tracing  the  outcrops  of  the  various  forma- 
tions and  mapping  the  geologic  boundaries.  Comparison  of  the  various 
geologic  maps  of  the  State  issued  since  1906  will  give  some  idea  of  the 
progress  made  in  a  correct  delineation  of  the  structural  features  of  the 
State.  Inspection  of  the  latest  geologic  map  1  will  immediately  indicate 
the  probability  that  an  axis  of  deformation  passes  southward  through  the 
central  part  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  State.  The  parallelism  of  the 
geologic  boundaries  is  significant  of  anticlinal  or  synclinal  structure.  As 
the  oldest  rocks  are  arranged  more  or  less  along  a  line  in  the  central  part 
of  the  area,  the  structure  must  accordingly  be  anticlinal. 

The  distribution  of  the  inliers  of  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  is  in- 
dicative of  the  trend  of  the  fold.  The  early  geologists  described  areas  of 
this  formation  in  the  vicinity  of  La  Salle,  along  Elkhorn  Creek,  and  pos- 
sible areas  along  Rock  River  near  Oregon.  Lines  connecting  these  areas, 
especially  one  from  Elkhorn  Creek  to  La  Salle,  were  thought  to  represent 
the  axes  of  greatest  uplift.  The  areas  where  the  surface  rocks  are  St. 
Peter  sandstone  or  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  are  more  or  less  iso- 
lated and  were,  except  for  the  Elkhorn  Creek  area,  poorly  mapped  by  the 


1  Edition   of    1917. 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE  107 

early  investigators.  Later  mapping,  mostly  by  the  writer,  in  La  Salle, 
Lee,  and  Ogle  counties  has  resulted  in  a  more  detailed  delineation  of  the 
areas  underlain  by  these  formations  and  in  a  correspondingly  better  idea 
of  the  structure.  There  follows  a  description  of  the  distribution  of  the 
"Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  according  to  the  most  recent  information. 

In  the  La  Salle  region  areas  of  this  formation  have  been  mapped 
along  Illinois  River  and  Pecumsaugan  Creek  and  along  Little  Vermilion 
River  and  its  tributary,  Tomahawk  Creek.  In  Lee  County  a  large  area 
previously  mapped  as  Platteville-Galena  dolomite  has  been  identified  near 
Franklin  Grove  along  Franklin  Creek.  A  small  area  of  New  Richmond 
sandstone  underlying  the  upper  dolomitic  member  of  the  "Lower  Mag- 
nesian" formation  is  also  exposed  along  this  creek.  In  Ogle  County  sev- 
eral detached  areas  have  been  discovered  on  the  east  side  of  Rock  River 
along  a  nearly  straight  line  joining  the  middle  of  the  south  line  of  T.  22  N., 
R.  10  E.,  and  the  northwest  corner  of  T.  23  N.,  R.  10  E.,  hence  run- 
ning slightly  west  of  north  (see  Plate  I).  Other  areas  have  been  found 
along  this  same  line  west  of  the  Rock  and  as  far  north  as  the  middle  of  the 
north  line  of  sec.  6,  T.  23  N.,  R.  10  E.,  about  two  and  one-half  miles  west 
of  Oregon.  The  numerous  areas  of  "Lower  Magnesian"  along  this  line 
are  possibly  indicative  of  the  existence  of  an  axis  of  uplift  in  the  .same 
position,  or  possibly  only  of  a  linear  arrangement  of  areas  of  the  pre-St. 
Peter  surface  having  high  relief  and  therefore  not  deeply  buried  beneath 
the  sandstone.  It  is  possible  furthermore  that  both  of  these  conditions 
obtain. 

Certain  small  inliers  of  St.  Peter  sandstone  also  indicate  the  posi- 
tion and  extent  of  uplift  along  the  deformation.  An  outcrop  of  St.  Peter 
sandstone  in  the  valley  of  Leaf  River  near  the  town  of  that  name  ex- 
tends for  about  a  mile  nearly  north-northwest  from  near  the  center  of  the 
SE.  yA  sec.  25,  T.  25  N.,  R.  9  E.,  to  the  center  of  the  SE.  yA  SE.^,  sec. 
23  of  the  same  township.  This  is  the  most  northerly  occurrence  of  the 
St.  Peter  sandstone  known  in  the  State  x  and  lies  along  the  alignment  of 
"Lower  Magnesian"  outcrops  near  Oregon  described  in  the  preceding 
paragraph.  Southeast  of  Franklin  Grove  one  mile  north  and  three-quar- 
ters of  a  mile  east  of  Lee  Center  a  small  area  of  St.  Peter  sandstone  in 
contact  with  Platteville  dolomite  was  observed  at  the  center  of  the  S W.  YA 
sec.  33,  T.  21  N.,  R.  11  E.  (see  Plate  I.)  This  area  of  St.  Peter  sand- 
stone lies  on  the  projection  of  the  line  joining  the  Elkhorn  Creek  area  of 
uplift  and  the  position  of  maximum  uplift  along  Franklin  Creek,  but  lies 


1  Since  the  above  was  written  Prof.  R.  D.  Salisbury  reports  the  discovery 
of  an  area  of  St.  Peter  sandstone  along-  Sugar  Creek  in  Winnebago  County, 
about   1   mile   south   of  the   State  line. 


108  YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 

east  of  the  projection  of  the  line  connecting  the  areas  of  exposure  of  the 
"Lower  Magnesian"  formation  north  of  Franklin  Grove  and  the  Leaf 
River  area  of  St.  Peter  sandstone.  The  southward  projection  of  neither 
of  the  lines  will  pass  through  the  La  Salle  County  areas  of  "Lower  Mag- 
nesian". 

The  exposures  of  St.  Peter  and  "Lower  Magnesian"  formations  in 
northern  Illinois  probably  are  located  at  the  positions  of  greatest  uplift. 
Attempts  to  line  up  the  areas  along  fixed  directions  for  long  distances  do 
not,  however,  seem  to  be  practicable,  the  uplift  being  broader  and  prob- 
ably having  less  unity  than  such  an  alignment  calls  for.  Furthermore  the 
exposures  are  to  a  certain  extent,  though  not  always,  dependent  upon 
depth  of  erosion,  the  older  rocks  being  exposed  in  the  valleys ;  hence 
areas  that  may  be  structurally  elevated  but  not  deeply  eroded  do  not  show 
the  lower  rocks  as  surface  formations.  It  seems  apparent,  therefore, 
from  the  areal  geology  of  the  St.  Peter  and  "Lower  Magnesian"  forma- 
tions that  the  structure  in  northern  Illinois  is  not  determined  by  eleva- 
tion along  a  well  defined  anticlinal  axis  which  is  persistent  in  direction. 

The  areal  geology  of  northern  Illinois  also  indicates  the  existence  of 
deformations  transverse  to  the  axis  of  the  La  Salle  anticline,  the  struc- 
tures produced  by  which  are  as  conspicuous  as  those  effected  by  the  major 
deformation.  An  area  of  St.  Peter  sandstone  elongated  in  an  east-west 
direction  lies  across  Rock  River  at  Oregon.  That  a  transverse  axis 
of  elevation  crosses  the  State  at  about  this  latitude  is  also  shown  by  the 
area  of  St.  Peter  sandstone  and  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  along  Elk- 
horn  Creek  and  by  the  areas  of  Maquoketa  shale  to  the  west  at  Savanna 
and  to  the  east  along  Fox  River  at  Batavia. 

Structure  as  Observed  in  Outcrop 

The  larger  features  of  the  deformation  in  northern  Illinois  have 
been  determined  by  studying  the  areal  geology ;  from  the  exposures  it  is 
possible  to  determine  the  form  of  the  structure  and  the  structural  rela- 
tionships of  the  strata  involved.  The  ensuing  paragraphs  do  not  attempt 
to  describe  fully  the  structure  of  the  different  formations,  giving  in  de- 
tail facts  of  distribution  and  altitude  that  would  commonly  be  shown 
graphically  on  a  topographic  base.  Topographic  maps  of  La  Salle,  Ot- 
tawa, and  Dixon  quadrangles  are  available.  Detailed  geologic  mapping 
of  the  La  Salle  and  Ottawa  quadrangles  has  been  completed  and  the  data 
for  all  three  will  be  published  within  a  reasonable  time,  so  that  descrip- 
tion in  great  detail  of  the  areal  distribution  and  structure  is  thought  to 
be  impracticable  for  this  discussion,  the  main  purpose  of  which  is  to  in- 
dicate the  general  character  and  form  of  the  deformation. 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE  109 

"lower  magnesian"  limestone 

LA   SALLE   REGION 

In  the  La  Salle  region  the  line  of  maximum  elevation  along  the  anti- 
cline lies  to  the  east  of  the  axis  of  maximum  deformation  where  the  rocks 
are  most  steeply  inclined ;  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  is  exposed 
along  the  line  of  maximum  elevation  but  not  in  the  belt  of  steeply  in- 
clined rocks.  Accordingly  the  outcropping  rocks  of  this  formation  are 
only  slightly  warped  and  it  is  possibly  significant  that  the  deformations 
have  no  constant  direction  of  alignment. 

The  detailed  structure  of  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  as  observed  along 
Illinois  Valley  and  Pecumsaugan  Creek  is  indicated  in  figure  9.  It  will  be 
noted  that  there  is  considerable  variation  in  the  direction  and  amount  of 
dip,  the  structure  being  characterized  by  numerous  small  anticlines  and 
synclines.  In  the  north  bluff  of  the  Illinois  valley  the  formation  attains 
its  greatest  altitude  near  the  mouth  of  Pecumsaugan  Creek  where  one  of 
the  cement  beds  formerly  mined  for  natural  cement  is  about  20  to  25  feet 
above  the  railroad  track.  About  one  mile  east  the  same  bed  is  about  4 
feet  above  the  railroad  track ;  and  by  reason  of  a  monoclinal  fold  half 
a  mile  farther  east,  it  is  20  feet  lower  bringing  it  beneath  the  valley 
floor  in  the  vicinity  of  Utica. 

There  is  some  evidence  that  the  deformation  of  the  "Lower  Mag- 
nesian" took  place  before  the  deposition  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone.  The 
structure  of  the  older  formation  as  observed  in  outcrop  is  apparently  dis- 
similar to  that  of  the  younger  rocks  especially  as  concerns  the  alignment 
of  the  structure,  the  axes  of  the  small  folds  bearing  to  the  northeast  more 
commonly  than  to  the  northwest.  A  close  comparison  of  the  structure 
of  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  with  that  of  the  younger  rocks  is  not  possible 
as  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  is  eroded  in  places  where  the  "Lower  Mag- 
nesian" limestone  is  typically  exposed.  Because  the  two  formations  fail 
to  appear  in  the  same  cliff,  it  is  not  possible  to  say  with  certainty  that  the 
structures  affecting  the  older  rocks  do  not  pass  up  into  the  sandstone. 
Along  the  south  bluff  of  the  river  where  the  limestone  is  unexposed,  ex- 
cept very  locally,  it  probably  lies  near  the  base  of  the  sandstone  bluff 
even  as  far  east  as  Starved  Rock,  where  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  forms 
the  bed  of  the  river.  Accordingly,  if  the  small  flexures  of  the  "Lower 
Magnesian"  were  formed  subsequent  to  the  deposition  of  the  sandstone, 
there  should  be  some  evidence  of  structures  along  this  sandstone  bluff, 
provided,  of  course,  that  the  movements  were  not  confined  entirely  to 
the  areas  now  exposed.  It  should  be  stated  that  small  irregularities  in  the 
position  of  the  sandstone  have  been  noticed  along  Illinois  river  between 
Buffalo  Rock  and  Ottawa,  in  connection  with  the  small  Covel  Creek  syn- 


110 


YEARBOOK    FOR    1916 


LA  salle  anticline:     pre-pennsylvanian   steuctuee 


111 


cline,  but  not  elsewhere.  The  general  absence  from  the  sandstone  of 
such  flexures,  with  their  presence  in  the  limestone  in  this  and  other  re- 
gions, is  suggestive  that  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  was  slightly 
folded  prior  to  the  deposition  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone. 

LEE   AND    OGLE   COUNTIES 

In  general  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  in  Lee  and  Ogle  counties  is  about 
horizontal,  but  the  exposures  are  of  insufficient  extent  and  the  details 
of  the  stratigraphy  too  little  known  to  determine  the  regional  structure 


Fig.  10. — A  close  fold  in  the  "Lower 
Magnesian"  limestone  along  a 
tributary   to   Franklin    Creek. 

from  outcrop.  Detailed  stratigraphic  studies  in  connection  with  investi- 
gations in  the  Dixon  quadrangle  may  reveal  structure  not  now  apparent. 
In  places  however,  there  is  evidence  of  deformation.  Observations  in  the 
Franklin  Creek  region  in  Lee  County  indicate  that  in  this  region  also  there 
was  movement  of  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  prior  to  St.  Peter  time.  Along 
one  of  the  tributaries  of  Franklin  Creek  in  the  NE.  *4  sec.  33,  T.  22  N., 
R.  10  E.,  there  is  exposed  in  the  bed  of  the  stream  a  sharp  fold  in  the 


112  YEAEBOOK  FOR  1916 

limestone  (fig.  10)  bearing  S. 
of  the  axis  are  nearly  horizontal,  but  those  on  the  opposite  side  dip  about 
45°.  Farther  up  the  ravine  the  limestone  dips  about  5°  to  8°,  S.  25° 
to  30°  W.  Along  Franklin  Creek  near  the  center  of  the  NE.  y^  sec.  33 
the  "Lower  Magnesian"  strata  dip  west  12°  to  15°.  At  this  latter  place 
the  sandstone  lies  directly  above,  but  its  structure  could  not  be  determined. 
Nowhere  in  Lee  or  Ogle  counties  did  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  appear  as 
closely  folded  as  is  the  limestone  below  the  St.  Peter  along  Franklin 
Creek.  Moreover,  the  structures  of  the  older  formation  have  a  different 
bearing  from  those  of  the  St.  Peter  which  latter  trend  nearly  N.  30°  W. 

ST.    PETER    SANDSTONE 

The  St.  Peter  sandstone  is  widely  exposed  in  several  areas  in  north- 
ern Illinois  affected  by  deformation  and  therefore  excels  the  "Lower 
Magnesian"  as  a  basis  of  measuring  regional  deformation.  On  the  other 
hand,  because  of  rarity  of  good  bedding  planes  in  the  sandstone,  the  de- 
tails of  the  structure  are  less  definite  than  they  are  in  the  overlying  and 
underlying  dolomites. 

LA    SALLE    REGION 

In  places  in  the  La  Salle  region,  as  at  Split  Rock  and  Deer  Park,  dips 
of  25°  to  30°  can  be  observed  in  the  sandstone  bedding  along  the  west 
limb  of  the  anticline.  In  general,  however,  the  structure  of  this  forma- 
tion is  most  readily  determined  in  this  and  other  regions  by  observing  the 
change  in  the  altitude  of  its  upper  surface.  Any  change  will  have  struct- 
ural significance,  as  the  relief  of  the  surface  of  the  sandstone  due  to  the 
unconformity  between  the  sandstone  and  the  overlying  Platteville  forma- 
tion is  apparently  not  great,  being  no  more  than  sufficient  to  bring  about 
locally  the  omission  of  the  "lower  buff"  or  "quarry"  beds  having  a  thick- 
ness of  about  25  feet.  Where  the  "Coal  Measures"  strata  rather  than  the 
Platteville  formation  rest  upon  the  sandstone  along  the  Illinois  valley  the 
contact  surface  is  practically  coincident  with  or  at  least  nearly  parallel  to 
the  surface  upon  which  the  Platteville  was  deposited,  since  remnants  of 
the  lower  beds  of  the  Platteville  are  found  in  many  places  lying  between 
the  "Coal  Measures"  and  the  sandstone. 

The  variation  in  the  altitude  of  the  surface  of  the  St.  Peter  sand- 
stone may  be  observed  in  three  directions,  namely,  to  the  east,  along  the 
axis  of  the  deformation  to  the  south,  and  to  the  west.  The  variations,  ex- 
cept to  the  west,  may  be  expressed  in  feet  per  mile  rather  than  in  degree 
of  dip.  The  structure  will  be  described  in  the  order  indicated  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  paragraph. 

The  observed  difference  in  the  altitude  of  the  surface  of  the  sand- 
stone between  Utica  and  Ottawa,  a  distance  of  about  9  miles,  amounts  to 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PRE-PENNSYLVAXIAN     STRUCTURE 


113 


about  110  feet ;  however,  about  90  feet  of  this  decrease  in  altitude  takes 
place  in  the  first  six  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Utica,  the  average  dip  for 
that  distance  being  15  feet  per  mile.  The  southward  pitch  of  the  sand- 
stone along  the  crest  of  the  anticline  as  determined  from  the  altitude  of 
the  surface  of  the  formation  is  steeper  than  that  to  the  east.  The  highest 
altitude  of  the  sandstone  along  the  south  bluff  of  the  Illinois  between  Lit- 
tle Rock  and  Starved  Rock  is  about  620  feet  above  sea  level.      Along 


Fig.  11. — Outcrop  of  St.  Peter  sandstone  overlain 
unconformably  by.  Pennsylvanian  strata 
at  Split  Rock.  The  dip  of  the  St.  Peter 
sandstone  (20  to  30  degrees)  is  shown 
in  the  strata  in  the  foreground.  The  dip 
of  the  Pennsylvanian  (12  to  15  degrees) 
is  shown  by  the  ledge  of  sandstone  out- 
cropping under  the  stairs.  Figure  13,  also 
at  Split  Rock,  presents  diagrammatically 
and  in  more  detail  these  same  relation- 
ships. 

Vermilion  River  about  half  a  mile  above  the  bridge  at  Lowell  the  Galena- 
Platteville  formation  lies  nearly  if  not  quite  horizontal  at  an  altitude  of 
510  feet.  Accordingly,  the  surface  of  the  sandstone  has  declined  in  alti- 
tude at  least  100  feet  in  three  miles.  A  record  of  an  old  boring  for  oil  in 
the  SE.  yA  sec.  9,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.,  reports  170  feet  of  Platteville-Galena 
at  this  place.1  If  this  log  is  reliable  there  is  a  difference  in  the  altitude 
of  the  sandstone  between  Lowell  and  Deer  Park  of  about  270  feet, 
or  a  slope  of  90  feet  per  mile.    Along  the  north  bluff  of  the  Illinois,  the 

*I11.   Geol.    Survey,   vol.    3,    p.    276. 


114  YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 

top  of  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone  has  an  altitude  of  about  600  feet 
in  sec.  12,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E.,  two  miles  east  of  La  Salle,  but  it  may  be 
that  the  St.  Peter  was  of  less  than  usual  thickness  at  this  place,  the  older 
formation  possibly  having  a  sufficient  relief  locally  to  nearly  penetrate  the 
overlying  sandstone.  Hence  it  may  be  doubted  that  the  surface  of  the 
sandstone  was  ever  as  high  as  700  feet  above  sea  level  at  this  place.  Con- 
cerning the  inclinations  observed  on  the  west  limb  of  the  anticline,  it  has  al- 
ready been  mentioned  that  dips  as  high  as  25°  to  35°  have  been  meas- 
ured. 

An  irregularity  in  this  westward  dip  warrants  special  description. 
At  several  places  along  the  west  limb  of  the  anticline  the  sandstone  shows 
a  conspicuous  increase  in  dip  part  way  down  the  slope.  For  instance,  at 
Deer  Park  the  altitude  of  the  sandstone  about  the  center  of  the  S.  ^4  sec. 
32,  T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  is  between  600  and  605  feet  above  sea  level.  About 
2,000  feet  west  the  altitude  of  the  sandstone  is  550  feet,  the  average  dip 
between  the  two  points  being  2.5  feet  per  100.  The  altitude  500  feet 
farther  west  is  510,  the  average  dip  in  this  interval  being  7.5  feet  per  100. 
In  the  next  250  feet  the  altitude  declines  to  450  feet,  the  average  dip 
being  20.4  feet  per  100.  Of  this  last  60  feet  of  change  in  altitude  at 
least  one-half  takes  place  in  the  last  50  feet  of  distance,  in  which  space 
the  dip  increases  suddenly  from  5°  or  6°  to  about  20°.  This  sudden  in- 
crease in  dip  is  such  as  to  produce  in  places  an  appreciable  elbow  in  the 
surface  of  the  sandstone.  The  position  of  change  can  be  observed  at  cer- 
tain places  south  of  the  Illinois  as  in  Deer  Park,  in  the  ravine  immediately 
south  of  Deer  Park  (Clayton's  Ravine),  and  in  one  or  two  gullies  north 
of  the  park  along  Vermilion  River  in  sec.  30,  T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.  It  also 
is  evident  north  of  the  Illinois  at  Split  Rock  and  along  Little  Vermilion 
River  in  the  NE.  cor.  sec.  3,  T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  and  near  the  center  of 
the  N.  y2  sec.  27,  T.  34  N.,  R.  1.  E.,  where  the  conditions  are  similar 
to  those  at  Deer  Park. 

LEE  AND  OGLE  COUNTIES 

The  structures  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  observed  in  Lee  and  Ogle 
counties  are  all  relatively  gentle,  dips  greater  than  10°  being  uncommon. 
The  bedding  of  the  sandstone  is  obscure  and  cross-bedding  possibly  exists, 
so  that  the  determinations  of  structure  on  the  basis  of  the  apparent  in- 
clination of  bedding  are  not  reliable.  Just  as  in  the  La  Salle  region, 
the  structure  is  determined  more  satisfactorily  by  noting  the  change  in 
the  altitude  of  its  contact  with  the  overlying  Platteville  formation.  This 
is  best  observed  on  the  west  side  of  the  uplift. 

The  slope  of  the  surface  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  down  the  dip 
from  Grand  Detour  to  Rock  River  two  miles  above  Dixon  is  at  the  rate 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PRE-PENNSYLYANIAN     STRUCTURE  115 

of  about  85  feet  per  mile.  The  change  in  altitude  from  Pine  Creek,  near 
the  center  sec.  15,  T.  23  N.,  R.  9  E.,  to  the  center  of  the  west  line  of 
sec.  8,  T.  23  N.,  R.  1  E.,  a  distance  of  d]/2  miles,  is  about  40  feet  per 
mile  (700  to  840  feet  above  sea  level).  North  of  Oregon  the  sandstone 
dips  from  an  altitude  of  850  feet  near  the  north  line  of  sec.  1,  T.  23  N., 
R.  10  E.,  to  an  altitude  of  690  feet  about  1%  miles  north,  or  about  112 
feet  to  the  mile.  This  is  the  greatest  change  in  the  altitude  of  the  sur- 
face of  the  sandstone  that  has  been  observed  in  outcrop  in  Lee  and  Ogle 
counties. 

The  structure  of  the  sandstone  on  the  east  side  of  the  line  of  maxi- 
mum elevation  in  Lee  and  Ogle  counties  is  not  determinable  from  out- 
crop. The  top  of  the  sandstone  is  known  to  have  an  altitude  of  about 
800  feet  in  the  center  of  sec.  27,  T.  22  N.,  R.  10  E.,  but  the  drift  ob- 
scures the  rock  farther  east,  and  structures  can  be  determined  only  by 
drilling. 

PLATTEVILLE    AND    GALENA    LIMESTONE    AND    DOLOMITE 
LA    SALLE   REGION 

Like  the  underlying  sandstone  in  this  region  these  limestone  for- 
mations show  three  directions  of  inclination,  to  the  east,  to  the  south, 
and  to  the  west.  The  Platteville  and  Galena  formations  are  found  out- 
cropping in  the  La  Salle  region  on  the  west  flank  of  the  anticline  near 
Illinois  River  and  northward  along  the  Little  Vermilion.  They  extend 
over  the  crest  of  the  fold  south  of  the  Illinois,  and  outcrop  at  places 
along  the  Vermilion  as  far  south  as  Lowell.  They  are  also  known  in 
small  areas  on  the  relatively  flat  east  limb  of  the  anticline  nearly  as  far 
east  as  Minooka. 

The  dip  to  the  east  is  gentle  and  outcrops  indicate  that  there  is  a 
narrow  syncline  or  monocline  between  Ottawa  and  Buffalo  Rock  cros- 
sing the  Illinois  valley  northward  from  near  the  mouth  of  Covel  Creek. 
East  of  Covel  Creek  the  Platteville-Galena  is  next  found  exposed  along 
Aux  Sable  Creek  in  sec.  18,  T.  34  N.,  R.  8  E.  The  stratigraphic  rela- 
tionships are  such  as  to  suggest  the  presence  of  a  slight  uplift  in  the 
direction  of  Minooka,  the  strata  rising  from  a  broad  syncline  the  lowest 
part  of  which,  as  indicated  by  drilling,  is  about  at  Seneca.  The  south- 
ward pitch  of  the  limestone  is  probably  the  same  as  the  sandstone  below, 
namely  30  to  90  feet  per  mile  between  the  Illinois  valley  and  Lowell. 
Along  the  west  flank  of  the  fold  the  strata  are  inclined  as  much  as  35° 
in  some  places,  especially  at  Split  Rock  and  Deer  Park.  South  of  Deer 
Park  the  exposures  are  higher  on  the  flank  of  the  fold  and  the  dips  of  the 
exposed  strata  are  not  as  great.  At  Lowell  for  instance  they  do  not 
exceed  20°. 


116  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

The  exposures  of  the  Platteville  and  Galena  formations  show  a 
variation  in  strike  along  the  west  flank  of  the  anticline.  North  of  the 
Illinois  along  Little  Vermilion  River  in  the  SW.  yi  sec.  22,  T.  34  N., 
R.  1  E.,  and  in  the  N.^  sec.  27  of  the  same  township,  at  Split  Rock,  and 
south  of  the  river  at  Deer  Park  the  strike  of  the  limestone  is  about 
N.  30°  W.  This  approximates  the  strike  of  several  outcrops  of  St. 
Peter  sandstone  between  the  Illinois  and  the  mouth  of  Tomahawk  Creek 
on  the  Little  Vermilion  near  the  center  sec.  34,  T.  34  N.,  R.  1  E.  In 
sections  27  and  22  of  the  same  township  the  strike  of  the  Platteville 
swings  off  to  the  west  becoming  more  nearly  northwest  in  the  NW.  34 
sec.  22.  South  of  Deer  Park  likewise  the  strike  swings  off  in  the  same 
direction,  the  Galena  along  Vermilion  River  at  Lowell  dipping  approxi- 
mately S.  30°  W.  Thus  the  line  of  strike  appears  as  an  open  double 
curve  which  from  north  to  south  is  directed  first  northwest-southeast, 
then  more  nearly  north  and  south  and  then  again  northwest-southeast. 

FOX   RIVER   REGIQN 

Bannister1  described  the  structure  of  the  Platteville-Galena  forma- 
tions along  Fox  River  in  1870  and  presented  a  structure  section  from 
Montgomery  to  Milford,  now  Millington.  Concerning  the  structure  in 
sec.  8,  T.  36  N.,  R.  6  E.,  he  says : 

"Below  this  place  [sec.  8,  T.  36  N.,  R.  6  E.]  for  some  distance  the  strata  of 
this  age  are  met  with  and  are  doubtless  tilted  up  by  a  small  anticlinal  the  crest 
of  which  has  most  probably  been  eroded  away.  The  evidence  of  this  fold  is  in 
the  existence  of  an  exposure  of  the  underlying  St.  Peter  sandstone  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river  in  the  southeastern  quarter  of  section  17,  and  above 
the  next  exposure  of  the  Trenton  group  and  not  by  any  decided  dip  of  the  strata 
in  any  direction." 

Another  structure  farther  down  the  river  is  also  described : 
"One  mile  above  Milford  [now  Millington],  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river, 
is  Brodie's  quarry,  where  the  thickness  of  over  12  feet  of  rock  is  exposed  *  *  *. 
This  exposure  is  on  the  northeastern  slope  of  still  another  anticlinal  than  the 
one  before  mentioned,  the  strata  having  an  inclination  of  between  12  and  15 
degrees  in  the  direction  N.  60°  E.  This  is  further  proved  by  exposures  of  St. 
Peter  sandstone  along  the  river  bluffs  immediately  below  this  point    *    *    *" 

LEE  AND   OGLE   COUNTIES 

The  structure  of  the  Platteville-Galena  formations  in  Lee  and  Ogle 
counties  shows  the  effect  of  the  major  uplift  and  also  of  the  minor 
deformations  such  as  those  at  Oregon,  Leaf  River,  and  in  the  Elkhorn 
Creek  basin.     Except   near   Oregon  the   exposures   are   almost   entirely 


1  Bannister,  H.  M.,  Geology  of  Kendall  County:  Geol.  Survey  of  111.  vol.   4,  pp. 
143-146. 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE  117 

restricted  to  the  east  flank  of  the  deformation.  Those  of  especial  in- 
terest are  located  near  Lee  Center  and  at  Amboy,  along  Rock  River  be- 
tween Dixon  and  Grand  Detour,  and  along  Pine  Creek,  on  both  sides 
of  the  Rock  near  Oregon,  near  Leaf  River,  and  in  the  Elkhorn  Creek 
basin. 

At  the  exposures  in  southern  Lee  County  near  Lee  Center  and  Inlet 
the  rocks  dip  almost  inappreciably  to  the  west.  The  best  indication  of 
the  dip  is  the  exposure  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  near  the  center  sec. 
33,  T.  21  N.,  R.  11  E.,  and  the  outcrop  of  the  ferruginous  beds  near 
Amboy  such  as  are  found  near  the  top  of  the  Galena  formation. 

The  bluffs  of  Rock  River  at  Dixon  and  for  two  miles  above  are 
formed  by  the  limestone  and  dolomite  of  the  Platteville-Galena  forma- 
tions. A  dip  of  1°  to  2°,  S.  about  60°  W.,  is  general  along  the  river  as 
far  north  as  the  mouth  of  Pine  Creek  (sec.  10,  T.  22  N.,  R.  9  E.)  (see 
Plate  I).  This  seems  to  be  the  prevailing  amount  and  direction  of  dip 
between  Dixon  and  Grand  Detour.  Along  Pine  Creek  the  structure 
is  somewhat  irregular  due  to  what  is  apparently  a  syncline  which  crosses 
the  valley  in  sec.  34,  T.  23  N.,  R.  9  E.  Farther  north  a  poorly  defined 
uplift  brings  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  to  the  surface  in  sees.  14,  15,  22, 
23,  and  27.  Elsewhere  along  Pine  Creek  the  strata  are  apparently  flat- 
lying. 

The  transverse  anticline  crossing  Rock  River  valley  at  Oregon  has 
been  mentioned;  the  Platteville-Galena  is  especially  serviceable  in  delin- 
eating this  deformation  and  in  showing  its  relation  to  the  main  anticline. 
The  descriptive  matter  which  follows  is  to  a  large  extent  shown  graphi- 
cally in  the  accompanying  sketch  map  (Plate  I).  The  structure  of  the 
limestone  will  be  described  in  its  outcrop  around  the  rim  of  the  basin, 
beginning  at  the  north  side  near  Oregon  and  continuing  to  the  west,  south, 
and  east  sides. 

The  north  edge  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  area  of  the  Oregon  basin 
is  defined  by  a  continuous  line  of  hills  formed  by  the  rim  of  Platteville- 
Galena  and  broken  only  by  the  valley  of  the  Rock.  These  strata  have 
northward  dips  as  high  as  25°  in  places.  The  west  side  of  the  basin  is 
also  bounded  by  hills  of  limestone  which  dips  gently  to  the  west  at  an 
inclination  sufficient  to  bring  the  Galena  dolomite  below  stream  level 
along  Pine  Creek  in  sec.  4,  T.  23  N.,  R.  9  E.,  at  an  altitude  of  about  725 
feet  above  sea  level.  Near  the  west  end  of  the  south  side  of  the  basin 
the  altitude  of  the  base  of  the  Platteville  dolomite  in  sees.  7  and  8,  T.  23  N., 
R.  10  E.,  is  about  810  feet.  Toward  the  east  along  the  south  rim 
the  escarpment  terminates  in  a  ridge  known  as  the  Devil's  Backbone,  the 
east  end  of  which  overlooks  Rock  River.  East  of  the  river  the  south 
escarpment  faces  Kyte  River  valley  which  is  the  eastward  continuation 


118  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

of  the  Oregon  basin.  This  line  of  hills  is  offset  about  %y2  miles  south, 
and  runs  east  along  the  south  line  of  sec.  28,  T.  23  N.,  R.  10  E.,  to  sec. 
25  east  of  which  the  rock  topography  becomes  obscured  under  the  drift. 
The  offset  seems  to  be  due  to  a  small  monoclinal  fold  extending  parallel 
to  the  main  axis  of  elevation  through  the  E.  J/2  sec.  22,  T.  23  N.,  R.  10  E. 
The  strata  in  this  monocline  which  outcrop  in  a  line  of  hills  elongated 
parallel  to  the  strike  of  the  strata  dip  10°  to  12°  about  N.  50°  E.  One 
result  of  the  deformation  in  section  22  has  been  to  enhance  erosion  where 
the  rock  has  been  loosened  by  folding,  so  that  a  small  basin  of  the  same 
type  as  the  Oregon  basin  is  produced  in  the  W.  y2  sec.  22,  faced  by  an 
escarpment  of  Platteville-Galena  dolomite  to  the  east.  East  of  this  hill 
the  beds  become  horizontal,  as  shown  in  the  isolated  mesa-like  hill  in 
sec.  23.  The  structure  of  the  east  side  of  the  Oregon  basin  is  inde- 
terminable from  outcrop,  as  the  valley  of  Kyte  River  is  deeply  filled  with 
drift. 

North  of  the  town  of  Leaf  River,  St.  Peter  sandstone  and  the  Platte- 
ville limestone  are  exposed  in  the  S.  y2  sec.  25  and  in  the  SE.  J4  sec-  23, 
T.  25  N.,  R.  9  E.  In  the  SE  yA  SW  %  sec.  25  the  Platteville  strata 
overlying  the  sandstone  dip  about  8°  S.  35°  W.,  the  top  of  the  sandstone 
attaining  an  altitude  of  790  feet  above  sea  level.  Similar  strata  near 
the  center  of  section  25  dip  about  northwest  2°  to  3°,  so  that  the  rise 
of  the  sandstone  indicated  by  the  dip  observed  at  the  first  station  is 
not  continued  far.  Thin-bedded,  bluish  dolomite  is  exposed  along  the  road 
in  the  SW.  *4  sec.  19,  T.  25  N.,  R.  10  E.,  at  an  altitude  of  about  870  feet 
(Bar.)  so  that  it  is  probable  that  the  strata  are  as  elevated  here  as  in 
sec.  25.  No  evidence  of  the  southward  continuation  of  the  structure  was 
observed  in  sections  31  and  32,  T.  25  N.,  R.  10  E. 

The  structure  of  the  Elkhorn  Creek  area  of  St.  Peter  sandstone 
and  overlying  Platteville  limestone  has  been  adequately  described  by 
Hershey,  as  reviewed  in  Chapter  II.  The  structure  map  presented  by 
Hershey  is  reproduced  in  Plate  I. 


STRUCTURE   OF    STRATA   INTERMEDIATE    BETWEEN    THE    GALENA    LIMESTONE 
AND   THE    PENNSYLVANIAN    SYSTEM 

The  structure  with  reference  to  the  anticline  of  the  different  forma- 
tions occurring  in  the  State  younger  than  the  Galena  dolomite  and  older 
than  the  Pennsylvanian  is  determinable  only  by  drilling.  These  rocks  are 
not  exposed  adjacent  to  the  axis  of  the  deformation  and  outcrop  only  to 
the  east  or  west  where  strata  have  only  very  gentle  dips  scarcely  measure- 
able  in  outcrop. 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE  111) 

Structure  as  Determined  by  Drilling 
preliminary  statement 

The  use  of  drilling  records  in  the  study  of  geology  structure  greatly 
enhances  the  knowledge  obtained  from  outcrop  alone.  Numerous  records 
of  deep  wells  have  been  studied  during  the  progress  of  these  investiga- 
tions ;  by  plotting  the  information  obtained  from  these  records  and  com- 
bining the  data  with  that  obtained  from  outcrops  it  is  possible  to  con- 
struct a  structure  contour  map  showing  the  form  and  position  of  the 
anticline  in  so  far  as  the  deformation  affects  the  stratum  used  as  a  struc- 
ture plane. 

The  distribution  of  drilling  is  erratic.  There  are  numerous  deep 
wells  for  water  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  as  far  south  as  Streator, 
and  many  test  holes  for  oil  and  gas  in  Clark,  Crawford,  and  Lawrence 
counties.  Elsewhere  the  drilling  has  commonly  not  been  deep  enough  to 
penetrate  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks,  especially  in  the  central  portion  of  the 
State.  Some  of  the  wells  are  located  in  areas  that  have  been  carefully 
studied,  where  quadrangle  surveys  have  been  made  and  investigations 
have  been  sufficient  to  determine  the  structure  of  the  rocks.  The  results 
of  these  studies  as  published  or  as  prepared  for  publication  are  freely 
drawn  upon  for  this  description,  with  proper  credit  assigned. 

The  surface  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  rather  than  some  other 
stratum  is  used  as  a  structure  datum  because  of  (1)  the  general  distribu- 
tion of  the  sandstone  over  the  anticline,  (2)  the  definiteness  of  the  datum 
plane,  the  top  of  the  sandstone  being  commonly  recognizable  by  the 
driller  as  soon  as  reached,  and  (3)  the  numerical  preponderance  of  the 
wells  that  reach  this  stratum  as  compared  with  the  number  of  those  that 
reach  the  Cambrian  sandstone.  Sufficient  data  are  obtainable  to  warrant 
the  construction  of  a  structure  map  (PL  II)  showing  the  altitude  of  the 
surface  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  nearly  as  far  south  as  Bloomington 
in  the  trough  of  the  fold.  The  structure  of  the  sandstone  over  a  large 
area  in  the  western  portion  of  the  State  has  also  been  delineated.  In 
Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties  on  the  other  hand  the  pre-Pennsyl- 
vanian structure  is  determinable  only  from  the  altitude  of  the  Mississip- 
pian  rocks,  and  hence  the  contours  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter 
sandstone  do  not  continue  this  far  south  on  the  map. 

STRUCTURE   MAP   OF   THE   SURFACE   OF   THE    ST.    PETER   SANDSTONE 
PRELIMINARY     STATEMENT 

The  structure  map  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  represents  the  maxi- 
mum known  deformation  along  the  La  Salle  anticline  and  shows  the 
effect  of  a  series  of  movements  that  have  taken  place  since  St.   Peter 


120 


YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 


time.  Obviously  the  map  does  not  show  the  effect  of  any  movements 
that  may  have  taken  place  before  St.  Peter  time,  since  the  altitude  of  the 
sandstone  could  not  have  been  affected  by  such  movements.  Data  are 
lacking  to  show  whether  there  is  greater  displacement  of  the  lower  for- 
mations than  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone.  This  determination  awaits 
more  extensive  drilling  into  the  lower  formations.  When  such  data 
become  available  it  is  believed  that  the  map  presented  herewith  will 
be  of  service  in  determining  facts  relative  to  pre-St.  Peter  deformation. 


PRESENTATION    OF  DATA 


In  the  following  table  are  given  the  location  of  the  various  wells, 
logs  of  which  were  used  in  the  construction  of  the  structure  map,  the 
altitude  of  the  surface,  the  depth  to  and  altitude  of  the  sandstone.  The 
surface  altitude  where  determined  by  others  than  the  writer  is  so  in- 
dicated by  the  initials  A.,  S.,  M.,  L.,  U.,  W.,  B.,  or  P.,  referring  to  C. 
B.  Anderson,  T.  E.  Savage,  W.  C.  Morse,  Frank  Leverett,  J.  A.  Udden, 
K.  D.  White,  O.  F.  Brooks,  and  E.  H.  Pool  respectively.  The  surface 
altitude  of  other  wells  is  estimated  from  railroad  elevations,  topographic 
maps,  etc.  Such  estimates  are  liable  to  error  of  as  much  as  50  feet,  but 
this  figure  is  probably  not  much  greater  than  the  average  error  from  all 
sources. 


Table  30. — Well  data  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone 


County 


Location  and  ownership 
of  well 


Surface 
altitude 


Depth  to 
sandstone 


Altitude  of 
sandstone 


Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

Boone 

Belvidere  (C.  N.  &  W.  Ry.) 

790a 

355 

+435 

Belvidere    (City) 

(A)750 

340 

+  410 

Bureau 

DePue   (M.  P.  Zinc  Co.)  . . 

472 

Below  1359 

Below— 887 

Princeton    (City  No.  1)... 

700 

1,700? 

—1,000 

Princeton    (City  No.  2)... 

700 

1,521? 

—821 

Calhoun 

Cap   au   Gres 

550 

Outcrop 

+  550 

Carroll.  ..... 

Mt.    Carroll    (City) 

775il 

Savanna     (City) 

595 

325 

+270 

Cass 

Beardstown    (City)    

440a 

1,055 

—615 

Champaign. . 

Champaign    (City?) 

Mahomet    (sec.    14,    T.    20 

740a 

Below  1,833 

Below— 1,093 

N.,  R.  7  E.) 

710 

Below  1,000 
About  1,740 

Below— 300 

Pesotum    (Village) 

720a 

About— 1,020 

Clark 

Casey    (Shover  No.  1).... 
(sec.  1,  T.  10  N.,  R.  14  W.) 

550" 

Below  3,017 

Below— 2,467 

Casey   (Miller  No.  1) 

Below  2,379 

Below— 1,800 

(sec.  7,  T.  9  N.,  R.  14  W.) 

LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE  121 

Table  30. — Well  data  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone — Continued 


County 

Location  and  ownership 

Surface 

Depth  to 

Altitude  of 

of  well 

altitude 

sandstone 

sandstone 

Cook 

Argo    (Corn    Products    Re- 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

fining  Co.)    

(A)590 
(A)  605 
(U)641 

800 

—210 

Berwyn     (City) 

845 

—240 

Blue    Island    (City) 

908 

—267 

Chicago 

Amer.  Colortype  Co 

590* 

910 

—320 

(Roscoe  &  Racine) 

Amer.    Malting    Co 

590* 

895 

—305 

(Division  &  Chicago) 

l*u    ; 

Amer.    Malting    Co...... 

590* 

862 

—272 

(Tolman   &   12th) 

Armour  Glue  Works.  .  .  . 

590* 

918 

—328 

Best    Brewing   Co 

590* 

940 

—350 

(Fletcher  &  C.   M  &  St. 

P.  tracks) 

Bishop  Babcock  &  Co... 

590* 

897 

—307 

(1616    Burlington    Ave.) 

Brand   Brewing   Co 

(A)591 

856 

—265 

(2530  Elston  Ave.) 

Chicago   Post   Office 

590* 

905 

—314 

Crystal    Ice   Co 

590* 

890 

—300 

(1461   Clybourn  Ave.) 

Edelweiss    Restaurant... 

590* 

893 

—303 

(63  W.  Madison  St.) 

Fortune  Bros.   Brewery. 

590* 

890 

—300 

(412    S.    Desplaines   St.) 

Gottfried  Brewery 

590* 

897 

—307 

(337  Alexander  St.) 

Graceland    Cemetery.... 

600a 

900 

—300 

Illinois   Vinegar   Co 

590* 

850 

—260 

(48th  &  Oakley) 

McCormick   Reaper   Co.. 

590* 

830 

—240 

(26th  &  Blue   Island) 

Lake  Shore  Depot 

590* 

890 

—300 

(Van  Buren  &  La  Salle) 

Lincoln    Park 

590* 
590* 

925 
910 

—335 

Mullens    Brewery 

—320 

(3937   Wallace    St.) 

Oscar    Meyer,    Packers.. 

590a 

936 

—346 

(1241  N.  Sedgewick) 

National  Brewing  Co.... 

590a 

878 

—288 

(1908  W.  18th  St.) 

122  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

Table  30. — Well  data  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone — Continued 


County 

Location  and  ownership 

Surface 

Depth  to 

Altitude  of 

of  well 

altitude 

sandstone 

sandstone 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

Cook — Cont. . 

Nutriment  Company.... 
(49th   &  Halsted) 

590a 

905 

—315 

Sears,  Roebuck  &  Co.... 

(A)590 

998 

—408 

(Harvard  &  Homan) 

Sieben   Brewing   Co 

590a 

900 

—310 

(Blackhawk  &  Larrabee) 

Spielman    Bros 

590a 

895 

— 305 

(Clybourn  &  North) 

Stock  Yards — • 

Adler   &   Obendorf 

(A)592 

880 

—288 

Armour  &  Co 

(A)  592 

860 

—268 

890 

—298 

900 

—308 

Darling  &  Co 

(A)592 

870 

— 278 

875 

—283 

G.  H.  Hammond  &  Co. 

(A)592 

900 

902 
922 

—308 
—310 
—330 

Independent  Packing  Co. 

(A)  592 

885 

—293 

Nelson  Morris  Co 

(A)592 

896 
930 

—304 
—338 

Sulzberger  &  Sons  Co. 

(A)592 

855 

—263 

Swift  &  Co 

(A)592 

876 

—284 

880 

—288 

Union   Cold   Storage   Co. . . 

590^ 

985 

—395 

U.  S.  Brewing  Co 

590a 

914 

— 324 

(12th  &  Sangamon) 

Watkins,  Vincent  &  Pretts 

590a 

900 

—310 

(Center  &  Superior) 

Western   Electric   Co 

600a 

860 

—260 

White  Eagle  Brewery  Co.. 

590a 

885 

—295 

(38th    &    Center) 

White  Eagle  Brewery  Co.. 

590a 

880 

—290 

(18th  &  Ashland) 

Clearing    

(A)  617 

870 

—207 

Desplaines    (Norma) 

(A)655 

700 

—45 

(C.  &  N.  W.  Ry.) 

Dolton    (City) 

610a 

885? 

—273     (310?) 

—222 

Evanston    (City)    

Galewood    (C.  M.  &  St.  P. 

R.   R.)    

640a 

853 

— 213 

LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE  123 

Table  30. — Well  data  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone — Continued 


County 


Location  and  ownership 
of  well 


Surface 
altitude 


Depth  to 
sandstone 


Altitude  of 
sandstone 


Cook — Cont. . 

Godfrey  Yards  (C.  M.  &  St. 

Feet 

Feet 

Feet 

P.    R.    R.) 

612a 

800 

808 

—188 

—196 

805 

—193 

Hawthorne   (C.  B.  &  Q.  R. 

R.)     

605a 

845 

—240 

Kensington    (Sherwin  Wil- 

liams Paint  Co.) 

590a 

924 

—334 

Kensington    (American 

Malting   Co.) 

(A)590 

945 

—355 

La  Grange    (Western  G.  & 

E.  Co.)    

645a 

Below  790 

Below— 145 

Oak  Park  (N.  W.  G.  Coke 

&  L.   Co.) 

625a 

(A)660 

892 
820 

—267 

Park  Ridge    (Village)..... 

—160 

Proviso    (C.  &  N.  W.  Ry.) 

(A)643 

810 

—166 

South   Chicago    (111.    Steel 

Co.)     

590a 

965 

—375 

South    Chicago    (Columbia 

Malting  Co.)    

585a 

986 

—401 

Summit    (Village)    

(A)600 

804 

—204 

Washington    Heights 

615a 

920 

—305 

Cumberland. . 

Casey  (Chrysler  No.  30).. 

Below  1,880 

Below— 1,200 

De  Kalb 

De  Kalb    (City) 

(A)865 

524 

+  341 

DeKalb    (Amer.    Steel  & 

Wire  Co.) 

885a 
(A)  915 

570 
500 

+  315 

Malta   (C.  &  N.  W.  Ry.).. 

+415 

Sandwich    (City) 

(A)667 

397 

+  270 

Somonauk    (Village) 

(A)690 

106 

+  584 

Sycamore    (Electric    Co.). 

(A)840 

535 

+  305 

Douglas 

Tuscola    

650a 

Below— 1,350 

Dupage 

Bensenville  (C.  M.  &  St.  P. 

R.  R.)    

(A)680 

805 

—125 

785 

—105 

Downers  Grove   (City).... 

(A)717 

817 

—100 

Elmhurst    (City) 

(A)677 

790 

—113 

Naperville    ( City ) 

(A)677 

646 

+  31 

West  Chicago   (C.  &  N.  W. 

Ry.)     

(A)740 

724 

+16 

Fulton 

Canton    (Parlin   &   Oren- 

dorff   Plow   Co.).... 

(S)655 

1,445 

—780 

Ipava    

(L) 
(L) 

— 630 

Greene 

Carrollton    

— 590 

124  YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 

Table  30. — Well  data  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone — Continued 


County 


Location  and  ownership 
of  well 


Surface 
altitude 


Depth  to 
sandstone 


Altitude  of 
sandstone 


Grundy. 


Hancock, 
Henry. . . 


(Indiana) 
(Iowa) . .  . 
Iroquois. . 


Jersey. . . . 
Jo  Daviess. 


Kane. 


Coal  City  (E.  J.  &  E.  R.  R.) 

Mazon  (Ed  Walker) 

Minooka  oil  well 

Morris     (City) 

Morris    (Abe  Hoge) 

Carthage    

Alpha    (City)    

Cambridge    (City) ........ 

Cambridge    (Infirmary)  .  . . 
Geneseo    (City)     


Feet 
565a 
(A)  600 


Kankakee 
Kendall . . 

Knox 

Lake 


Kewanee    (City) 

Kewanee  (Power  house). 
Kewanee    (Western  Tube 

Co.) 

Woodhull   (City)    

Hammond    

East   Chicago    (Grasselli) . 

Davenport    

Keokuk    

Gilman    (City)    

Sheldon    (City)     

Jerseyville    

Galena   (City)    

Galena    (sec.  16,  T.  28  N., 

R.    1   E.) 


Aurora  (City  No.  8) 

Batavia    (City;    new  well) 

Elburn  (City)    

Elgin     (City) 

Elgin     (City) 


Kankakee    (Asylum)    

Millington    

Piano  (along  Fox  River). 
Galesburg    ( Purington 

Paving  Brick  Co.) 

Blodgett  (C.  &  N.  W.  Ry.) 
Grays    Lake     (Wisconsin 

Condensed  Milk  Co.)... 
Highwood  (C.  Mil.  Elec.) . 
Lake  Bluff    


(A)503 
590a 

(L) 

811a 

812" 
812a 
(U)645 
850* 
850" 

850a 
824a 

(L) 

(A)587 

(L) 

(L) 
654a 
688a 

(L) 
600a 

600 

(Folio 

200) 

(A)630 

A)660 

(A)  848 

(A)738 

(U)740 

(A)615 

(L)600 

575a 

750a 
650a 

800a 
680a 

(L) 


Feet 
600 
620 
440 
330 
277 

1,213 
1,275 
1,205 
1,075 
1,345 
1,269 

1,310 
1,266 

1,116 


1,350 
1,350 

160 

120 


610 

520 
614 
560 
640 
895 
Outcrop 
550 

1,090 

805 

840 
970 


Feet 
—45 
—20 

+  173 
+  313 
—297 
—400 
—463 
—493 
—430 
—495 
—419 

—460 
—442 
—460 
—529 
—370 
—316 
—696 
—662 
—738 
+440 

+480 


+20 
+140 
+234 

+  178 
+100 

—280 

+600 

+25 

—340 
—155 

—40 
—290 

—258 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE 


125 


Table  30. — Well  data  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone — Continued 


County 


Location  and  ownership 
of  well 


Surface 
altitude 


Depth  to 

sandstone 


Altitude  of 
sandstone 


Lake — Cont. 


La  Salle. 


Lee. 


Livingston. 


Madison. .  . . 
Marshall. . . 
McDonough 


Lake    Forest    (Ogden    Ar-       Feet 
mour)     (A)  690 

Ravinia   Park    (A) 675 

Rondout    (C.   M.    &    St.   P 
R.    R.) 

Waukegan   (Amer.  Steel  & 

Wire    Co.) I        600 

Zion  City    (City) (A)648 


Cedar  Point   (Mine  No.  5) 

Deer  Park    

La  Salle  (E.  of  Split  Rock) 
La  Salle  (M.  &  H.  Zinc  Co.) 
Lowell  (Bottomly  mine).. 
Marseilles    (Peddicord) . . . 

Mendota    (City)    

Oglesby    (Village) 

Oglesby     (Ch.    Port.    Cem. 

Co.)     

Ottawa  (City)    

Peru   (111.  Zinc  Co.) 

Peru   (St.  Bede  College).. 

Seneca     

Sheridan    (City)    

Streator    (City)     


Dixon    (Epileptic    Colony) 
Dixon    (Epileptic    Colony) 

Chatsworth    (City)    

Cullom    (City)     

Dwight    (Keely  Inst.).... 
Odell    (City)    

Collinsville    (Peter   Stifel) 

Henry    (City)    

Bushnell   (City  No.  2) 

Macomb    (City) 

Macomb   (Sewer  Pipe  Co.) 


653 
455 
450a 
585 
500 
710 
(B)760 
(A)  642 

605 

484 

(A)463 

(U)609 

(L) 

623 

805a 
805a 

736* 
689 a 
641a 
721a 

562 

491a 

(M)651 

700a 
700a 


Feet 

875 
886 

960 

860 
850 

1,610 

52 

Eroded 

1,487 

358 

359 

440 

1,540 

1,530 

9 

1,363 

1,525 

16 
444 

95 

72 

1,210 

1,280 

795 

1,000 

Below  2,147 

Below  1,355 

1,215 

1,135 

Below  820 


Feet 
—185 
—211 

—280 

—260 
—202 

—957 
+403 

—902 
+142 
+351 
+  320 
—902 

—925 

+475 
—900 
—916 

+  250 

+  279 

+710 

+733 

—474 
—591 
—154 
—279 

Below— 1,580 

Below— 864 

—564 
—435 
Below— 120 


126  YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 

Table  30. — Well  data  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone — Continued 


County 


Location  and  ownership 
of  well 


Surface 
altitude 


Depth    to 
sandstone 


Altitude  of 
sandstone 


McHenry. 


McLean 

Mercer 

Morgan 

Ogle 

Peoria 

Piatt 

Putnam 

Rock  Island 

Sangamon. . 


Stark 

Stephenson 


Vermilion 


Harvard  (C.  &  N.  W.  Ry.) 
Woodstock  (City  No.  2).. 
Woodstock  (City  No.  3).. 
Woodstock  (Oliver  Type- 
writer Co.)    

Chenoa   (City)    

Hey  worth   (oil  test)  ...... 

Aledo    (City)    

Jacksonville  (City)    

Elkhorn   Creek 

Polo    (City)    

Rochelle    (City)    

Peoria   (Asylum)    

Peoria   (Peoria  Min.  Co.). 

Princeville    (City) 

Deland   (City)    

Putnam   (C.  W.  Reed) 

Taft  (B.  P.  Berry  Coal  Co.) 

Milan    

Rock    Island 

Salisbury  (oil  test) 

Springfield 

Stark   (City)    

Freeport  (Franz  Brewery) 

Freeport   (City)    

Freeport  (Stover  Mfg.  Co.) 
Allerton  (sec.  22,  T.  17  N., 

R.  14  W.) 

Danville 

Danville  (C.  &  E.  I.  Ry.)  .  .  . 
Hall   well    (sec.    30,    T.    18 

N.,  R.  10  W.) 

Holten  well   (sec  26,  T.  17 

N.,  R.  13  W.) 

Richard    well    (sec.    20,   T. 

17  N.  R.  11  W.) 

Ruddy  well   (sec.  11,  T.  23 

N.,  R.  14  W.) 

Ruddick   well    (sec.   32,   T. 

23  N.,  R.  13  W.) 


Feet 
(A)935 
(A)915 

915a 


720a 

750a 

739a 
600a 

(L)850 
900a 
790a 

(U)605 

(U)475 
745a 
700a 

(U)730 
680 

(L) 

(L) 

535a 
590a 

(P)800 
824 
747 
759 

698a 

(W)615 

(W)611 

(W)650 

(W)663 

(W)718 

(W)770 


Feet 

648 
796 

785 

730 
1,430 
Below  2,150 
1,098 
1,535 
Outcrop 
125? 
85 
1,665 
Below  1,417 

1,560 

Below  1,070 

1,550 

1,600 


1,791 

Below  1,500 

1,598 

267 

136 

160 

Below  920 
Below  1,149 
Below  2,008 

Below  1,036 

Below  1,303 

Below  1,537 

Below  1,475 

About  1,888 


Feet 

+287 
+119 
+130 


—710 

Below— 1,400 

—359 

—935 

+  850 
+775? 
+705 
—1,060 

Below— 1,058 
—815 

Below— 300 
—820 
—920 
—364 
—364 
—1,256 

Below— 910 
—798 
+557 
+  611 
+  600 

Below— 222 

Below— 1,393 

Below— 425 

Below— 653 

Below— 874 

Below— 757 

About— 1,118 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!        PRE-PENNSYLVAMAN     STRUCTURE 


127 


Table  30. — Well  data  showing  the  altitude  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone — Concluded 


STRUCTURAL  FEATURES  OF  THE  PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN   ROCKS   AS   SHOWN    BY 

THE  STRUCTURE   MAP 

THE    STEEP    WEST    LIMB    OF    THE    ANTICLINE 

As  shown  by  the  structure  map  (PL  II)  the  most  conspicuous  and 
continuous  feature  of  the  anticline  is  a  belt  of  inclined  strata  extending 
in  a  sweeping  curve  from  Savanna  in  Carroll  County  into  the  south- 
eastern Illinois  oil  field.  This  portion  of  the  fold  is  the  feature  commonly 
and  popularly  called  the  La  Salle  anticline,  the  features  of  the  deforma- 
tion as  a  whole  not  being  taken  into  consideration.  Except  for  the  struc- 
ture along  this  belt,  where  the  rocks  are  in  places  inclined  at  angles 
higher  than  35°,  the  inclinations  of  the  strata  involved  in  the  fold  as  a 
whole  are  gentle,  to  be  measured  more  commonly  in  terms  of  feet  per 
mile  than  in  degree  of  dip. 


OGLE,   LEE  AND  LA  SALLE   COUNTIES   ANTICLINE 

In  the  northern  counties  of  the  State,  particularly  in  Ogle,  Lee  and 
La  Salle  counties,  an  elongated  narrow  anticline,  along  part  of  its  course 
flanked  on  the  southwest  by  a  belt  of  speeply  inclined  strata  just  described, 
extends  from  Stephenson  County  west  of  Freeport  through  Elkhorn 
Creek  uplift,  Grand  Detour,  Franklin  Grove,  and  terminates  bluntly  along 
Fox  River  valley  near  Millington   and   Sheridan.     The   deformation   is 


128  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

broad  enough  to  include  the  Oregon  basin  and  the  uplift  along  Leaf 
River.  The  slopes  along  the  east  flank  of  the  uplift  are  commonly  very 
slight  but  between  Millington  and  Yorkville  and  between  Somonauk  and 
Sandwich  the  average  dip  amounts  to  about  100  feet  per  mile,  and  dips 
of  10°  to  12°  have  been  observed. 

SOUTHWARD   PITCH    OF   THE   FOLD 

Southward  from  the  Illinois  valley  the  crest  of  the  anticline  pitches 
steeply  to  the  south.  The  pitch  in  La  Salle  County  amounts  to  as  much 
as  30  to  90  feet  per  mile,  a  rate  which  exceeds  the  slight  eastward  dip 
of  the  strata  in  this  county  from  2  to  6  times.  This  southward  pitch 
decreases  in  amount  in  Livingston  County,  and  in  the  southern  part 
of  that  county  and  northern  McLean  County  and  possibly  as  far  south 
as  Douglas  County  the  pitch  possibly  does  not  average  more  than  6  to  8 
feet  per  mile.  From  Douglas  County  south,  however,  there  is  another 
increment  in  the  rate  of  pitch  resembling  that  in  La  Salle  County.  South- 
ward from  La  Salle  County,  moreover,  the  deformation  tends  to  assume 
a  more  symmetrical  form,  the  strata  dipping  more  and  more  steeply  to 
the  east  as  the  fold  is  followed  to  the  south.  Accordingly  in  Champaign 
and  Vermilion  Counties  and  southward  in  Edgar  County  there  is  a 
distinct  basin  to  the  east  as  well  as  to  the  west  of  the  main  axis  of  de- 
formation. These  basins  form  respectively  the  main  parts  of  the  Indiana 
and  Illinois  coal  fields. 

BASIN  WEST  OF  THE  ANTICLINE 

The  west  limb  of  the  anticline  forms  one  side  of  a  large  basin  com- 
parable in  dimensions  with  the  arch  on  the  east.  This  basin  continues 
westward  into  Iowa1  between  Savanna  and  Burlington.  Between  the 
larger  portion  of  the  Illinois  basin  and  the  deeper  portion  of  the  Iowa 
basin  is  a  broad  dome  the  position  of  the  east  side  of  which  in  the  western 
counties  of  the  State  is  indicated  on  the  structure  map.  Its  eastern  slope 
is  rather  distinctly  suggested  by  the  close  spacing  of  the  600  and  800-foot 
contour  lines  a  short  distance  west  of  the  Illinois  valley.  A  small  contour 
interval  would  emphasize  this  close  spacing.  The  main  portion  of  the 
Illinois  basin  deepens  and  widens  to  the  south  joining  an  Iowa-Missouri 
basin  south  of  Calhoun  County. 

There  are  certain  minor  characteristics  of  the  trough  or  basin  west 
of  the  anticline  that  may  well  be  pointed  out.  Between  Rock  Island  and 
La  Salle  the  trough  deepens  rapidly  in  Bureau  County.  This  steeper 
dip  is  apparently  located  along  the  northward  continuation  of  the  east 


1  Norton,  W.  H.,  et  al.,  Underground  water  resources  of  Iowa:  U.  S.   Geol.  Sur- 
vey Water  Supply  Paper  No.   293.  PI.   1,   1912. 


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LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE  129 

side  of  the  western  Illinois  dome,  and  in  Bureau  County  produces  a 
difference  in  the  altitude  of  the  sandstone  amounting  to  about  400  feet 
within  a  short  distance,  the  change  being  from  500  to  900  below  sea 
level.  Southward  from  La  Salle  and  Oglesby  to  Heyworth  in  McLean 
County  there  are  no  wells,  of  which  there  are  reliable  records,  that  pene- 
trate strata  older  than  the  Pennsylvanian.  Judging  from  the  structure  of 
the  coal,  however,  it  seems  probable  that  there  is  no  strong  southward 
pitch  of  the  pre-Pennsylvania  strata  in  the  trough  at  least  as  far  south 
as  Minonk.  The  sandstone  lies  at  a  depth  of  about  900  feet  below  sea 
level  at  La  Salle,  and  since  No.  2  coal  is  nearly  300  feet  more  in  altitude 
at  Minonk  than  it  is  at  La  Salle,1  the  greater  part  of  the  difference  in 
altitude  between  the  surface  of  the  sandstone  at  La  Salle  and  at  Hey- 
worth in  McLean  County,  amounting  to  more  than  500  feet,  is  probably 
due  to  increase  in  the  rate  of  dip  south  of  Minonk.  Some  indication  of 
the  depth  of  the  basin  in  the  southwest  part  of  Livingston  County  about 
15  to  18  miles  southeast  of  Minonk  is  shown  by  the  well  at  Colfax,  in 
which  the  sandstone  was  struck  700  feet  below  sea  level,  or  200  feet 
higher  than  at  La  Salle.  It  has  not  been  demonstrated  that  this  well  is 
located  in  the  deepest  part  of  the  basin,  hence  the  west  limb  of  the  fold 
is  shown  on  the  structure  map  as  passing  through  Colfax  at  the  position 
of  the  well. 

The  probable  shallowing  of  the  basin  southward  from  La  Salle,  or 
at  least  the  decrease  in  the  rate  of  pitch,  being  paralleled  by  the  steep 
southward  pitch  of  the  anticline  through  southern  La  Salle  and  Living- 
ston effects  a  softening  of  the  structure  in  southern  Livingston  and 
northern  McLean  counties  so  that  the  sandstone  on  the  two  sides  of  the 
west  limb  of  the  fold  does  not  differ  in  altitude  more  than  600  to  800  feet. 
This  may  be  compared  with  a  difference  of  1500  feet  at  La  Salle. 

Concerning  the  structure  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  south  of  Hey- 
worth little  knowledge  is  available,  as  the  sandstone  has  nowhere  been 
reached  by  the  drill  in  the  trough  of  the  basin.  Judging  from  the  struc- 
ture of  the  "Coal  Measures",  however,  there  is  a  rapid  deepening  south- 
ward from  Bloomington,  so  that  in  Champaign  and  Douglas  Counties  the 
difference  in  altitude  of  the  surface  of  the  sandstone  in  the  trough  and 
on  the  crest  of  fold  is  similar  to  if  not  greater  than  the  difference  found 
in  La  Salle  County. 

MINOR  STRUCTURAL  FEATURES  EAST  AND  NORTH  OF  THE  AXIS  OF  THE  ANTICLINE 

In  northern  Illinois  deformations  are  present  which  trend  trans- 
versely to  the  direction  of  the  La  Salle  anticline  as  traced  from  Stephen- 


1  Cady,    G.    H.,    Coal    resources    of    District    I:    111.    Coal    Mining-    Investigations 
Bull.   10,   PI.   I,    1912. 


130  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

son  to  Lawrence  counties.  The  existence  of  folds  crossing  the  southern 
part  of  Wisconsin  and  northern  Illinois  from  east  to  west  has  been 
known  for  some  time.  Chamberlin1,  McGee2,  and  Hershey3  have  com- 
mented upon  or  described  these  folds.    Chamberlin  1  writes  as  follows  : 

"Notwithstanding  the  very  evident  fact  of  a  broad  low  anticlinal  arch  ex- 
tending south  from  the  Archaean  heights  of  Lake  Superior,  flanked  by  feeble 
undulations,  it  is  a  somewhat  remarkable  fact  that  the  general  strike  of  the 
Archaean  folds  and  the  prevalent  trend  of  the  minor  anticlinals  of  the  Paleozoic 
strata  are  east  and  west.  *  *  *  If  for  convenience,  we  regard  the  Lauren- 
tian  nucleus  as  a  resisting  center,  then  the  folds  south  of  it  were  due  to  the 
force  acting  horizontally  upon  the  strata  from  the  southward." 

Of  the  various  minor  folds  in  northern  Illinois  adjacent  to  the  anti- 
cline and  productive  of  structural  features  which  make  the  main  anti- 
cline somewhat  difficult  to  trace  or  that  overcome  its  effect,  the  following 
may  be  enumerated  and  described : 

1.  Savanna-Sabula  anticline. 

2.  Stephenson-Ogle  county-line  syncline. 

3.  Aurora-Pawpaw  syncline. 

4.  Morris-Kankakee  anticline. 

Savanna-Sabula  anticline — The  chief  flexure  crossing  northern  Illi- 
nois transverse  to  the  direction  of  the  La  Salle  anticline  is  the  deforma- 
tion the  westward  extension  of  which  crosses  into  Iowa  at  Sabula.  This 
anticline  is  described  by  McGee4  and  later  more  fully  by  Savage3  and 
Carman6.    In  regard  to  the  extension  of  this  deformation  McGee4  states : 

"It  should  be  noted  that  not  only  is  the  uplift  on  Rock  River  described 
by  Worthen  almost  exactly  on  the  line  of  the  anticlinal  crossing  the  Missis- 
sippi near  Sabula,  but  that  the  extension  of  the  anticlinal  well  toward  Rock 
River  is  proved  by  the  exceptionally  high  altitude  of  the  Trenton  limestone  be- 
tween Sabula  and  Grand  Detour." 

Savage5  describes  the  deformation  in  Iowa  as  follows : 
"The  conspicuous  example  of  deformation  that  occurs  in  Jackson  County 
consists  of  a  low  arch  that  extends  in  an  eastwest  direction   from   Savanna, 
in  Illinois,  to  the  east  side  of  section  30  in  Fairfield  Township,  a  distance  of 


1  Chamberlin,  T.  C,  Geology  of  Wisconsin,  vol.  IV,  pp.  425-427  and  PI.  VIII, 
opposite   page    399,    1882. 

2  McGee,  W.  J.,  Pleistocene  history  of  northeastern  Iowa:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey 
11th  Ann.   Rept.,   pt.    1,   p.   338    ff.,    1891. 

3  Hershey,  Oscar  H.,  The  Elkhorn  Creek  area  of  St.  Peter  sandstone  in  north- 
western Illinois:  Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  14,  pp.  169-179,  1894;  also  Physiographic  de- 
velopment of   the  upper  Mississippi   Valley,   Amer.   Geol.,   vol.    20,   p.    246,    1897. 

4  McGee,  "W.  J.,  Pleistocene  history  of  northeastern  Iowa:  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey 
11th  Ann.    Rept.   pt.    1,   p.    340,    1891. 

5  Savage,  T.  B.,  Geology  of  Jackson  County,  Iowa:  Iowa  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  16, 
p.    640,    1905. 

"Carman,  J.  Ernest,  The  Mississippi  valley  between  Savanna  and  Davenport: 
111.   State  Geol.   Survey  Bull.    13,   p.   10,   1909. 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PEE-PENNSYLVAXIAN     STRUCTURE  131 

about    twenty    miles.      The    strata    involved    in    the    deformation    embrace    the 
Maquoketa  shale  and  the  overlying  beds  of  Niagaran  limestone. 

The  maximum  height  of  the  arch  was  in  sections  29  and  30,  Fairfield 
Township.  At  each  of  these  points  the  aneroid  readings  gave  the  elevation 
of  the  upper  layers  of  the  Maquoketa  as  175  feet  above  the  corresponding  layers 
in  the  vicinity  of  Preston.  Readings  at  two  different  points  in  sections  22  and 
23  of  Van  Buren  Township  gave  the  altitude  of  the  uppermost  Maquoketa  layers 
as  90  and  115  feet  respectively  above  the  equivalent  layers  near  Preston.  At 
some  points  over  this  arched  belt,  where  the  upper  layers  of  the  Maquoketa  beds 
are  best  exposed,  they  seem  to  have  been  thrown  into  a  series  of  small  crumples 
at  the  time  the  main  arch  was  raised.  Where  well  exposed  the  layers  are  crossed 
by  two  series  of  small  parallel  fissures.  These  fissures  are  six  to  twenty-four 
inches  apart  and  extend  for  a  distance  of  one  to  three  or  four  feet.  Those 
of  one  series  have  a  direction  nearly  at  right  angles  to  those  of  the  other. 
When  the  Niagara  layers  were  seen  in  an  apparently  undisturbed  position 
against  the  inclined  Maquoketa  beds  the  angle  of  dip  was  about  thirty  degrees. 
Between  the  different  points,  and  sometimes  in  the  same  outcrop,  the  dip  varies 
widely  as  regards  both  direction  and  inclination.  A  portion  of  this  variance 
is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  Niagara  limestone  creeps  or  settles  on  the 
shale  when  inequality  of  support  results  from  differential  erosion". 

In  1909  J.  Ernest  Carman1  presented  a  generalized  structure  section 
along  the  Mississippi  valley  from  north  of  Savanna  to  south  of  Rock 
River  showing  the  general  position  and  character  of  the  Savanna-Sabula 
anticline  and  describes  the  structure  as  follows : 

"On  the  Iowa  side  of  the  river,  the  top  of  the  shale  has  a  nearly  constant 
elevation  from  Lyons  north  to  Jackson  County.  West  of  Sabula  the  bluff  cuts 
across  a  low  east-west  anticline,  and  the  upper  contact  of  the  shale  has  an 
elevation  of  80  to  90  feet  above  the  river.  It  dips  in  either  direction  and  soon 
has  its  usual  elevation  of  40  to  50  feet  above  the  river.  At  Savanna  the  surface 
of  the  shale  on  the  anticline  in  the  Illinois  bluff  is  more  than  100  feet  above 
the  river,  while  two  miles  farther  north  it  has  declined  to  within  25  feet  of  the 
river." 

In  the  previous  section  of  his  report  describing  the  extent  and  out- 
crops of  the  Maquoketa  formation,  he  states,  as  follows : 
"  *  *  *  on  the  Illinois  side  of  the  river  the  shale  is  first  seen  in  the  point 
of  the  bluff  just  to  the  north  of  Johnson  Creek.  It  extends  40  to  50  feet  above 
the  road,  up  to  an  elevation  of  about  675  feet.  In  the  northeast  part  of  Mount 
Carroll  Township,  Carroll  County,  Illinois,  in  the  region  around  Argo  and  south- 
east of  Hickory  Grove,  the  Maquoketa  shale  is  the  uppermost  bed  rock,  although 
in  the  Mississippi  bluffs  to  the  west,  limestone  comes  well  down  toward  the  base 
of  the  bluff  and  is  the  only  rock  exposed.  These  upland  exposures  occur  at 
various  elevations  up  to  750  to  775  feet." 

"Along  the  river  bluff  between  Lyons  and  Elk  River  the  contact  of  the  shale 
and  overlying  limestone  is  sharp  and  apparently  horizontal.  Just  north  of 
Lyons  the  contact  dips  (declines)  to  the  south,  and  at  Clinton  is  more  than  100 
feet  below  the  level  of  the  river". 


1  Carman,    J.    Ernest,    Mississippi   Valley   between   Savanna   and    Davenport:    111. 
State  Geol.  Survey  Bull.  13,  fig-.  3,  p.   11,  1909. 


132  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

Besides  the  uplift  along  Rock  River,  evidence  of  the  extension  of  a 
transverse  anticline  from  the  Savanna  region  farther  east  into  Illinois 
is  indicated  by  the  structure  described  by  Hershey  as  existing  in  the 
Elkhorn  Creek  area  of  St.  Peter  sandstone.  He  maps  two  axes  of  defor- 
mation or  two  crests  to  an  anticline  which  possibly  continues  slightly 
north  of  east  toward  Leaf  River.  The  position  of  these  axes  as  deter- 
mined by  Hershey  is  shown  in  the  map,  Plate  I.  In  1897  Hershey 
presented  a  north-south  cross-section  through  the  basins  of  Leaf  River 
and  Elkhorn  Creek  which  shows  the  form  and  position  of  the  transverse 
deformation.1 

Inspection  of  the  structure  map  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  pre- 
sented in  this  report  will  reveal  the  probability  of  the  extension  of  the 
Savanna-Sabula  anticline  eastward  practically  across  the  State.  The 
rather  obscure  anticline  extending  east  from  Sycamore  through  South 
Elgin  toward  Highland  Park  is  possibly  the  eastward  extension  of  the 
deformation  under  discussion.  It  is  this  uplift  which  causes  the  outcrop 
of  Richmond  (Maquoketa)  shale  in  the  bed  of  Fox  River  between  Ba- 
tavia  and  South  Elgin.  It  is  along  this  axis  also  that  the  uplift  of  the 
Oregon  basin  is  located,  and  to  it  is  probably  due  the  high  altitude  of  the 
strata  in  the  vicinity  of  Polo. 

Stephenson  and  Ogle  county  line  syncline. — The  existence  of  a  low 
syncline  extending  parallel  to  the  Savanna-Sabula-  anticline  and  north  of 
it  along  the  line  between  Stephenson  and  Ogle  counties  has  been  pointed 
out  by  Hershey  in  his  article  on  the  Elkhorn  basin.  He  states  that  the 
dip  on  the  noth  side  of  the  Leaf  River  fork  of  the  Savanna-Sabula  anti- 
cline is  about  100  feet  per  mile,  or  1.7  degrees.  "This",  he  says2,  "is 
soon  decreased  to  about  40  feet  per  mile  and  so  continues  six  miles  to  the 
axis  of  the  next  synclinal  which  lies  on  the  Stephenson  and  Ogle  county 
line.  This  synclinal  is  occupied  by  an  upland  ridge,  underlain  by  Niagaran 
limestone,  the  edge  of  which  is  only  four  miles  distant  from  the  out- 
cropping sandstone,  and  is  less  than  100  feet  higher".  The  existence  of 
this  syncline  is  well  shown  on  the  structure  map  of  the  St.  Peter  sand- 
stone by  the  curve  of  the  600-foot  contour  line  in  Winnebago  and  Ste- 
phenson counties. 

Paw  paw- Aurora  syncline. — Between  Franklin  Grove  and  Earlville  is 
a  synclinal  structure  which  is  persistent  eastward  as  far  as  Aurora.  The 
delineation  of  the  structure  in  the  vicinity  of  Pawpaw  is  indefinite,  as  the 
record  of  the  well  at  Pawpaw  can  be  variously  interpreted.    The  syncline 


1  Hershey,    O.    EL,    The    physiographic    development    of    the    Upper    Mississippi 
Valley,    Amer.    Geologist   Vol.    20,    p.    254,    1897. 
2Amer.    Geol.   vol.    14,    p.    177,    1894. 


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la  saixe  anticline:     pee-pennsylyanian   structure  133 

may  be  much  more  important  than  is  shown  if  the  first  limestone,  which 
is  encountered  at  a  depth  of  455  feet,  is  Galena  or  Platteville  rather  than 
"Lower  Magnesian"  as  is  supposed.  The  structure  is  drawn  on  the  basis 
of  the  later  assumption.  This  syncline  apparently  has  a  relatively  steep 
slope  on  the  south  especially  between  Somonauk  and  Sandwich  and 
between  Millington  and  Yorkville. 

Morris-Kankakee  anticline. — From  the  eastward  end  of  the  blunt 
termination  of  the  anticline  running  through  Ogle,  Lee  and  La  Salle 
counties  there  extends  a  low  arch  along  an  axis  from  near  Sheridan 
towards  Morris  and  Kankakee.  The  occurrence  of  oil  in  the  strata  near 
Coal  City  is  apparently  partly  occasioned  by  this  structure.  The  fold 
apparently  becomes  broad  and  scarcely  distinguishable  southeast  of  Kan- 
kakee and  is  only  to  be  differentiated  because  between  it  and  the  main 
axis  of  the  La  Salle  anticline  is  the  shallow  syncline  which  possibly 
represents  the  northward  continuation  of  the  Indiana  coal  basin. 

STRUCTURE  OF  THE  PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN   ROCKS   IN    CLARK,    CRAWFORD   AND 

LAWRENCE    COUNTIES 

general   structural  relations 

The  structure  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks  across  the  anticline 
in  the  counties  south  of  Livingston  County  can  be  determined  with  only 
a  rough  approximation  to  accuracy.  Enough  drilling  has  been  done  so 
that  the  position  of  the  crest  of  the  deformation  can  be  fairly  well  indi- 
cated through  Champaign,  Douglas,  and  Coles  counties.  But  even  in 
these  counties  its  exact  position  cannot  be  located  within  possibly  5 
miles.  In  Clark,  Crawford,  and  Lawrence  counties  the  case  is  not 
much  better.  Drilling  is  very  definitely  limited  along  the  west  side  of 
the  line  of  apparent  maximum  uplift,  as  strata  commonly  oil  bearing  along 
the  axis  of  the  fold  rapidly  pass  below  the  level  of  oil  saturation  and 
into  salt  water,  as  the  formations  dip  to  the  west.  Because  of  this  re- 
lation of  water  to  the  oil  the  west  side  of  the  oil  field  is  commonly  re- 
garded as  a  close  approximation  to  the  axis  of  the  deformation. 

The  amount  of  displacement  by  folding  along  the  anticline  and  the 
form  of  the  structure  as  a  whole  down  to  the  foot  of  the  west  limb  cannot 
be  determined  much  more  satisfactorily  in  Clark,  Crawford  and  Law- 
rence counties  than  in  Douglas  and  Champaign  counties.  As  in  the 
latter  region  the  west  flank  is  thought  to  slope  abruptly  into  the  trough, 
but  drilling  necessary  to  determine  the  length  and  angle  of  the  slope 
has  not  been  done,  and  even  the  depth  of  the  trough  can  only  be  inferred 
from  holes  located  some  distance  from  the  crest.     Because  of  this   in- 


134  YEAKBOOK  FOR  1916 

definiteness  the  structure  contour  maps  showing  the  anticline  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  State  possibly  delineate  a  more  gentle  structure 
than  actually  exists,  as  possibly  the  trough  of  the  fold  is  crowded  closer 
toward  the  crest  than  is  shown  on  the  maps.  On  the  other  hand  the 
present  indefiniteness  concerning  the  position  and  form  of  this  west 
slope  leaves  room  for  the  chance  that  somewhat  adventurous  drilling 
adjacent  to,  but  west  of,  the  main  field  may  discover  a  terrace  or  even  a 
secondary  crest  in  places  west  of  the  present  supposed  line  of  maximum 
elevation  and  crest  of  the  anticline.  Toward  the  southern  part  of  the 
fold  where  the  structure  becomes  somewhat  indefinite,  this  is  more  likely 
to  be  the  case  than  it  is  in  Clark  or  Crawford  Counties.  The  Allendale 
pool  may  be  cited  as  an  example  of  a  field  located  essentially  by  wild- 
catting  west  of  what  was  once  supposed  to  be,  and  possibly  is,  the  main 
crest  of  the  anticline. 

Structure  maps  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  strata  In  the  oil  fields  have 
been  constructed  for  the  Tracy,  Kirkwood,  and  McClosky  sands.  The 
two  former  sands  are  of  the  Chester  group  and  the  latter  is  an  oolitic 
limestone  near  the  top  of  the  Mississippian  "Big  Lime"  and  representing 
stratigraphically  the  Ste.  Genevieve  limestone.  These  maps  are  appli- 
cable only  to  the  main  pools  in  Lawrence  county  and  only  the  map  based 
upon  the  altitude  of  the  Kirkwood  sand  can  be  said  to  be  definitely  estab- 
lished. The  structure  of  this  sand  in  Lawrence  County  as  determined 
by  previous  investigators  is  shown  in  Plate  III.  The  structure  of  the 
Pennsylvanian  sands  cannot  readily  be  delineated  because  of  their  ap- 
parent lenticular  form  and  erratic  distribution  both  horizontally  and  ver- 
tically. Accordingly  structure  maps  of  the  pre-Chester,  Chester  and 
Pennsylvanian  formations  are  not  available  as  a  means  of  comparing 
the  structure  and  determining  the  amount  of  unconformity  between  the 
successive  formations.  Moreover,  even  the  structure  maps  of  the  Kirk- 
wood sand  do  not  serve  to  show  the  form  of  the  entire  fold,  because  of 
the  lack  of  drilling  down  the  west  flank.  Drill  holes  to  the  west  of  the 
crest  are  not  found  beyond  a  line  along  which  the  sand  lies  more  than 
400  feet  below  its  elevation  along  the  crest,  and,  indeed,  very  few  holes 
find  the  sand  more  than  300  feet  below  its  altitude  at  the  crest.  The 
actual  difference  in  altitude  of  the  sand  as  between  the  crest  and  trough 
may  be  as  much  as  200  to  1500  feet,  so  that  it  is  evident  that  only  the 
upper  part  of  the  west  slope  has  been  explored.  The  structure  maps  are 
especially  serviceable  in  showing  the  structure  of  the  relatively  gently 
sloping  east  flank  of  the  anticline,  and  in  outlining  the  secondary  struc- 
tures that  are  of  much  importance  in  determining  the  position  of  local 
oil  pools. 


ia  salle  anticline:     pre-penns  ylvanian    structure  135 

There  is  no  structure  map  showing  the  position  of  the  oil  sands 
northward  from  Robinson  through  Clark  County.  The  developed  sands 
are  mainly  shallow  and  of  Pennsylvanian  age.  The  Chester  sands  wedge 
out  northward  probably  between  Robinson  and  the  Clark  County  line, 
and  it  is  probable  that  the  McClosky  sand  is  also  eroded  below  much  of 
Clark  County.  Within  the  last  two  or  three  years  a  few  deep  wells  in 
Clark  County  have  penetrated  to  the  Trenton  (Galena-Platteville)  lime- 
stone, but  an  insufficient  number  have  been  drilled  to  justify  the  con- 
struction of  a  detailed  structure  map  based  upon  the  altitude  of  the 
lower  rocks.  Even  the  upper  productive  sands  do  not  appear  to  yield 
readily  to  delineation  by  structure  contours  because  of  their  lenticular 
character.  Accordingly  the  maps  of  the  producing  areas  give  the  most 
definite  indication  of  the  trend  and  position  of  the  anticline  in  this  part 
of  the  southeastern  Illinois  oil  field.  As  is  the  case  farther  south,  drilling 
has  been  restricted  along  the  west  side  of  the  field  because  the  sands 
dip  rapidly  below  the  level  of  salt  water ;  hence  the  west  boundary  of  the 
field  is  commonly  regarded  as  approximately  along  the  crest  of  the 
anticline.  Accordingly  the  axis  is  represented  as  passing  along  the  west 
side  of  the  Siggins  Pool  in  Cumberland  County  (see  Plate  III),  thereby 
throwing  the  northern  Clark  County  (Westfield)  pool  somewhat  to  the 
east  of  the  main  axis. 

The  map  of  Clark,  Crawford,  and  Lawrence  counties  shown  here- 
with (PI.  Ill)  indicates  the  boundary  of  the  oil  pools  giving  the  names 
of  several,  shows  the  structure  of  the  Kirkwood  sand  by  contours  on  a 
sea  level  datum,  and  shows  by  figures  the  depth  to  several  formations  as 
indicated  in  the  legend.  Of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  formations  referred 
to  there  are  included  the  Galena-Platteville  (Trenton)  limestone,  the 
Niagaran  limestone,  and  the  Mississippian  "Big  Lime".  In  each  case  the 
depths  refer  to  the  top  of  the  formations.  The  data  included  in  this  map 
almost  entirely  concern  the  structure  of  the  relatively  flat  east  limb  of 
the  fold,  but  attention  may  be  directed  to  certain  characteristics  of  the 
pre-Pennsylvanian  structure  of  that  part  of  the  deformation. 

(1)  The  oil  pools  northward  from  Bridgeport  are  restricted  to  a 
relatively  narrow  belt  apparently  lying  along  or  adjacent  to  the  main 
axis  of  the  deformation.  It  has  been  pointed  out  that  exploration  in 
these  pools  has  been  largely  limited  to  the  Pennsylvanian  strata  and 
hence  to  what  extent  the  lower  formations  possess  a  rather  definite  anti- 
clinal structure  with  a  considerable  dip  on  the  east  flank  as  well  as  on 
the  west  is  not  determined.  However,  in  view  of  the  apparent  rather 
definite  anticlinal  structure  through  Champaign  and  Douglas  counties 
whereby  the  strata  are  caused  to  dip  definitely  toward  troughs  on  either 


136  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

side,  there  exists  a  probability  that  similar  conditions  are  continued  into 
Clark  County  and  control  the  form  of  the  deformation.  This  supposi- 
tion, however,  from  the  nature  and  amount  of  information  available  is 
highly  speculative.  Certainly  the  data  available  do  not  serve  to  determine 
the  form  of  the  deformation  of  the  older  rocks  across  the  arch  in  Clark 
and  Crawford  counties. 

(2)  Passing  south  into  Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties  the  struc- 
ture of  the  older  rocks  indicates  that  the  east  limb  becomes  nearly  hori- 
zontal, or  at  least  is  interrupted  by  irregularities  not  evidently  present 
farther  north.  Investigations  in  Birds,  Hardinville,  Sumner  and  Vin- 
cennes  quadrangles  show,  as  will  be  outlined  later,  that  anticlinal  and 
synclinal  structures  diverge  from  the  main  axis  of  the  fold  and  swing 
off  toward  the  southeast  as  indicated  by  the  general  trend  of  the  oil 
pools  in  those  counties.  In  Crawford  County  the  anticlinal  structure 
beginning  along  the  main  anticline  at  the  Kibbie  Pool  north  of  Oblong 
swings  to  the  southeast  terminating  in  the  Flat  Rock  and  Birds  pools.  In 
Lawrence  County  a  second  anticlinal  structure  starts  along  the  main 
anticline  in  the  Nuttall  Pool  and  terminates  to  the  southeast  at  St. 
Francisville.  Between  the  Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties  fields  lies 
the  Embarrass  River  syncline.  South  of  the  Lawrence  County  field  is 
another  syncline  directed  toward  the  southeast,  south  of  which  again  is 
the  Allendale  pool,  along  what  is  possibly  the  continuation  of  the  main 
crest  of  the  anticline. 

(3)  A  third  significant  characteristic  of  the  structure  of  the  older 
rocks  which  merits  attention  is  the  varying  rate  of  southward  dip  of  the 
various  formations,  which  is  indicative  of  their  unconformable  rela- 
tions. Inspection  of  the  map  (PL  III)  will  show  that  the  depth  to  the 
Mississippian  limestone  increases  greatly  to  the  south,  from  less  than 
1,000  feet  in  Clark  County  to  more  than  2,000  feet  near  St.  Francisville. 
The  depth  to  the  coal  beds  on  the  other  hand  shows  no  such  variation, 
the  depth  varying  only  from  about  500  feet  to  possibly  800  feet  length- 
wise of  the  area.  The  interval  between  the  Kirkwood  and  McClosky 
sands  also  increases  southward.  Prof.  Savage  points  out  that  westward 
from  the  axis  of  the  anticline  in  the  Sumner  and  Vincennes  quadrangles 
also,  the  Kirkwood  and  McClosky  diverge. 

It  is  believed  that  the  foregoing  paragraphs  summarize  the  general 
structural  relationships  and  conditions  in  the  oil  fields  of  southeastern 
Illinois.  It  is  thought  advisable  to  present  briefly  the  results  of  detailed 
investigations  of  the  structure  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks  as  pub- 
lished or  prepared  for  publication  by  members  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey. 


LA    SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN    STRUCTURE  137 

STRUCTURE  OF   THE  PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN   ROCKS    IN    THE    HARDINVILLE,    BIRDS,    SUMNER, 
AND   VINCENNES    QUADRANGLES 

Detailed  geologic  work  to  determine  the  structure  of  the  rocks  in 
the  southeastern  Illinois  oil  field  has  been  carried  as  far  north  as  Oblong 
in  Crawford  County  in  the  Hardinville,  Birds,  Sumner,  and  Vincennes 
quadrangles.  These  areas  lie  within  parallels  38°  30'  and  39°  and  merid- 
ians 87°  30'  and  88°,  and  include  the  southern  half  of  Crawford  County 
and  all  of  Lawrence  County.  This  area  was  studied  by  Blatchley1  who 
published  a  report  upon  it  in  1913,  and  it  was  later  restudied  by  Savage 
and  Blatchley  2  and  by  Rich. 3  The  later  studies  of  the  small  units  re- 
viewed the  earlier  work  by  Blatchley,  and  the  results  represent  the  latest 
information  relative  to  the  structure  of  the  southeastern  fields.  The 
areas  may  be  considered  from  north  to  south  in  the  order :  Hardinville, 
Birds,  Sumner,  and  Vincennes. 

Hardinville  Quadrangle.2 — "The  structure  of  the  Hardinville  quadrangle  is 
dominated  by  a  major  uplift  of  the  formations  into  the  La  Salle  anticline.  In 
the  southern  half  of  the  area  the  arch  has  the  shape  of  an  elongated  dome, 
while  in  the  northern  portion  it  appears  to  have  the  form  of  an  unusually  broad 
terrace.  The  area  of  the  greatest  uplift  is  in  the  NB.  %  sec.  30,  T.  4  N.,  R.  12 
W.,  near  the  southeast  corner  of  the  quadrangle,  which  shows  maximum  dip 
of  240  feet  to  the  mile,  while  other  portions  of  the  area  show  an  average  dip 
of  50  to   75  feet  to  the  mile  or  less  than  one   degree. 

"The  structure  of  the  Lawrence  County  portion  of  the  quadrangle  is  shown 
by  the  use  of  contours  drawn  on  the  top  of  the  Kirkwood4  oil  sand.  It  repre- 
sents the  northwestern  extension  of  an  elongated  dome,  having  a  length  on  the 
sheet  of  about  eight  miles  and  a  width  of  about  three  miles.  The  general 
northwest  dip  of  the  strata  is  modified  slightly  by  several  minor  irregularities 
which  are  most  pronounced  at  the  north  end.  The  crest  of  the  dome  lies  at 
the  gas  well  in  the  NE.  14  NB.  %,  sec.  30,  T.  4  N.,  R.  12  W.  North  from  this 
place  the  strata  dip  northward  330  feet  in  a  distance  of  eight  miles,  or  at  an 
average  rate  of  about  41  feet  per  mile.  The  outer  flank  of  this  dome-like 
fold  is  steep.     The  dip  toward  the  west  at  the  north  end   averages   170   feet 


1  Blatchley,  R.  S.,  The  oil  fields  of  Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties:  111.  State 
Geol.   Survey  Bull.   22,   1913. 

2  Savage,  T.  B.,  and  Blatchley,  R.  S.,  Description  of  the  Sumner  and  Vin- 
cennes quadrangles:  Unpublished  manuscript  in  the  files  of  the  State  Geological 
Survey. 

Savage,  T.  E.,   Description  of  the  Hardinville  quadrangle:   Unpublished  manu- 
script  in    the   files   of   the    State    Geological    Survey. 

3  Rich,  J.  L.,  Oil  and  gas  in  the  Birds  quadrangle:  111.  State  Geol.  Survey 
Bull.    33,    p.    105,    1916. 

Oil   and    gas    in   Vincennes    quadrangle:    111.    State    Geol.    Survey    Bull. 

33,    p.    147,    1916. 

4  See  Plate  III  of  present  report. 


138  YEARBOOK  FOE  1916 

per  mile,  while  to  the  east  it  is  150  feet  per  mile.  Near  the  crest  of  the  dome 
the  dip  on  the  west  flank  averages  about  205  feet  per  mile  and  on  the  east 
flank  183  feet  per  mile." 

The  structure  as  determined  for  the  Crawford  County  portion  of  the 
quadrangle  is  based  upon  the  Robinson  sand,  an  upper  sandstone  member 
of  the  Pottsville  formation  and  hence  of  Pennsylvanian  age.  Concerning 
the  structure  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks,  Savage  has  nothing  to  say. 
It  should  be  stated,  however,  that  the  northward  dip  below  the  valley  of 
Embarrass  River  found  in  Lawrence  County  apparently  terminates  with 
an  uplift  in  Crawford  County,  described  by  Savage  as  follows : 

"The  Robinson  sand  at  the  south  end  of  the  Crawford  County  field  shows 
a  marked  dip  toward  the  south,  while  the  corresponding  Bridgeport  sand  in 
the  north  part  of  Lawrence  County  dips  quite  strongly  toward  the  north. 
There  is  thus  formed  across  the  anticline  a  wide  basin  or  trough  which  lies 
chiefly  below  the  zone  of  oil  saturation  and  separates  the  oil  field  in  the  quad- 
rangle into  two  distinct  pools.  The  valley  of  the  Embarrass  in  its  eastward 
course  across  the  quadrangle  is  over  this  basin  or  transverse  syncline  which 
probably  determined  the  direction  of  flow  of  the  river  in  this  region." 

It  is,  of  course,  unknown  whether  the  structure  of  the  Robinson  sand 
in  Crawford  County  parallels  the  structure  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian 
rocks,  but  the  early  rocks  at  least  must  have  been  affected  by  the  deforma- 
tion which  raised  the  strata  north  of  the  Embarrass  River  trough. 

Birds  Quadrangle . — The  Birds  quadrangle  lies  to  the  east  of  the  Har- 
dinville  quadrangle.  The  structure  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks  has 
been  described  by  Rich  1  as  follows : 

"The  available  data  indicate  that  a  compartively  sharp  monocline,  ex- 
tending southeastward  from  the  western  edge  of  the  map  at  about  latitude  38° 
50'  to  near  the  center  of  the  south  line  of  the  quadrangle,  separates  a  low  basin 
on  the  southwest,  occupying  all  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  quadrangle,  from 
a  relatively  high,  nearly  flat  area  which  occupies  all  of  the  quadrangle  north 
and  northeast  of  the  monocline.  This  monocline  is  without  doubt  a  continuation 
of  the  one  recognized  in  the  Hardinville  quadrangle  as  bounding  the  Robinson 
oil  pool  on  the  west." 

In  the  following  two  paragraphs  of  his  report  Dr.  Rich  summarizes 
the  evidence  of  the  structure  as  described  and  then  adds : 

"These  figures  indicate  that  north  of  the  monocline,  the  Mississippian 
rocks  lie  approximately  flat;  but  have  a  slight  dip  toward  the  east  or  southeast. 
As  has  already  been  shown,  the  data  yielded  by  the  wells  which  penetrate  the 
Robinson  sand  in  the  Birds  quadrangle  prove  that  sand  to  lie  essentially  flat 
over  the  entire  northern  two-thirds  of  the  area.  Inasmuch  as  the  surface 
rocks  reveal  only  slight  irregularities  in  structure,  whereas  the  Mississippian 
rocks  show  differences  in  elevation  of  over  400  feet  in  the  southern  part  of 


1  Rich,    J.    D.,    Oil    and    gas    in   the    Birds    quadrangle:    111.    State    Geol.    Survey 
Bull.    33,   p.   144,   1916. 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PEE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE  139 

the   quadrangle,   the   existence   of   a   great   unconformity    between    the   two    is 
very  clearly  indicated. 

"The  absence,  in  the  wells  which  reveal  the  'Big  Lime'  at  elevations  of 
400  feet  or  more  above  datum  or  recognizable  representatives,  of  any  but  the 
basal  rocks  of  the  Chester  group  indicates  that  the  major  unconformity  is  be 
tween  the  top  of  the  Mississippian  series  and  the  base  of  the  Pennsylvanian 
series.  This  interpretation  harmonizes  with  the  evidence  of  unconformity 
at  this  horizon  yielded  by  the  fact  that  south  of  this  area  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  Vincennes  quadrangle,  the  thickness  of  the  Chester  beds  occupying  the 
interval  between  the  'Big  Lime'  and  the  base  of  the  Pottsville  increases,  wedge- 
like, toward  the  south." 

Sumner  and  Vincennes  Quadrangles. — The  structural  geology  of  the 
Sumner  and  Vincennes  quadrangles  has  been  described  by  Savage  and 
Blatchley. x  Their  account  of  the  features  of  the  structure  of  the  Kirk- 
wood  sand,  a  Chester  sandstone,  is  as  follows : 

"The  structure  of  the  oil  fields  in  the  Sumner  and  Vincennes  quadrangles 
reveals  chiefly  the  south  half  of  a  pronounced  elongated  dome  or  broad,  flat 
area  which  resembles  an  extensive  terrace,  separated  by  a  sharp  monoclinal 
fold  from  a  low  basin  occupying  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  area.  The 
area  of  greatest  uplift  shows  a  maximum  dip  on  the  flanks  of  the  La  Salle 
anticline  of  235  feet  to  the  mile,  while  the  dip  southward  from  the  dome  is 
about  30  feet  to  the  mile  or  less  than  one-half  of  one  degree.  The  structure 
in  both  quadrangles  as  far  as  mapped,  is  shown  by  the  use  of  contours  on 
the  top  of  the  Kirkwood  sand. 

"The  structure  of  the  Kirkwood  sand  in  the  Sumner  quadrangle  represents 
the  southeastern  extension  of  an  elongated  dome,  the  northern  part  of  which 
extends  about  8  miles  in  a  northwest  direction  into  the  Hardinville  quadrangle. 
The  dome  in  the  Sumner  area  is  about  three  miles  long  and  2%  miles  wide. 
South  of  the  dome  the  dip  of  the  formations  is  arrested  by  a  broad  irregular  flat 
which  covers  most  of  the  oil  fields  of  the  Vincennes  quadrangle,  and  its  northern 
and  northwest  edges  overlap  the  east  side  of  the  Sumner  quadrangle.  The 
strata  dip  to  the  west  along  the  north  boundary  at  the  rate  of  about  225  feet 
per  mile  and  east  about  150  feet  per  mile.  The  dip  from  the  crest  of  the  dome 
southward    toward   the   flat    is    about    65    feet    per    mile. 

"The  structure  of  the  Vincennes  quadrangle  represents  a  broad  flat  crest 
of  the  La  Salle  anticline,  which  has  the  appearance  of  an  extensive  terrace.  It 
is  about  8  miles  long  and  about  3%  miles  wide.  The  domelike  structure  in 
the  adjoining  quadrangle  merges  into  a  mild  trough  in  sees.  3,  9,  10,  15,  21,  and 
22,  T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.  Except  for  a  mild  dome  about  60  feet  high  through 
sections  23,  26,  27,  34,  and  35  of  the  same  locality,  the  sand  lies  at  a  rather 
uniform  level  at  about  the  400-foot  contour. 

"To  the  west  the  rocks  dip  down  steeply  in  a  monoclinal  fold  extending 
southeastward  from  the  western  border  of  the  quadrangle  in  sec.  21,  T.  3  N.. 
R.  12  W.,  and  passing  through  sec.  20,  T.  2  N.,  R.  11  W.,  under  St.  Francis- 
ville.  Except  near  the  western  border  of  the  quadrangle,  where  the  lower  limits 
of  the  fold  are  not  known,  the  monocline  flattens  out  within  a  distance  of  one 


1  Savage,    T.   E.,   and  Blatchley,   R.    S..   Op.   cit. 


140  YEAKBOOK  FOE   1916 

to  two  miles  and  merges  into  a  flat-lying  terrace  or  basin  which  underlies  the 
southern  and  southwestern  parts  of  the  quadrangle,  and  in  which  the  rocks 
are  about  400  feet  lower  than  on  the  anticline  at  the  south  end  of  the  main  oil 
field.  A  minor  arch  in  this  low-lying  area  has  permitted  the  accumulation  of 
oil  in  the  Allendale  field,  and  a  flat  terrace  at  the  base  of  the  monocline  seems 
to  be  the  controlling  factor  in  the  St.  Francisville  field. 

"The  eastern  flank  of  the  principal  anticline  dips  much  less  steeply  than 
the  western.  From  the  crest  there  is  an  eastward  dip  of  about  40  feet  in  a  dis- 
tance of  two  miles,  beyond  which  the  rocks  flatten  out  and  the  average  dip,  as 
indicated  by  well  records,  does  not  exceed  10  feet  per  mile.  On  this  flat  eastern 
limb  of  the  anticline,  or  more  strictly,  monocline,  small  local  domes  20  to  60 
feet  in  height  have  been  discovered  to  be  responsible  for  outlying  pools  such 
as  that  iy2  miles  northwest  of  Billett  and  the  Murphy  pool.  It  is  probable 
that  a  second  monocline  crosses  the  northeastern  corner  of  the  quadrangle  in  a 
northwest-southeast  direction,  entering  from  the  Birds  quadrangle,  but  there  are 
not  sufficient  data  to  prove  conclusively  its  existence." 

The  structure  of  the  Kirkwood  sandstone  of  the  Vincennes  quad- 
rangle is  also  described  by  Rich;1 

"As  is  clearly  shown  by  the  structure  contours  on  the  Kirkwood  sand, 
the  dominant  structural  feature  of  the  quadrangle  is  the  broad,  low  anticline, 
extending  north  and  south  through  the  area  occupied  by  the  main  oil  field  a 
nearly  flat  terrace  extending  eastward  from  this  anticline,  and  the  low  basin 
which  occupies  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  quadrangle  The  anticline  is 
clearly  marked  along  a  line  extending  from  sec.  2,  T.  2  N.,  R.  12  W.,  north- 
ward for  about  6  miles  to  sec.  1,  T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.  *  *  *  At  the  north  it 
appears  to  flatten  out  as  the  rocks  dip  northward  toward  the  structural  basin 
along  Embarrass  River.  The  anticline  is  connected  along  its  northwestern  side 
in  sees.  15  and  16,  9  and  21,  T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  by  a  broad,  nearly  flat  terrace 
with  the  sharper  anticline  which  extends  northward  through  the  Sumner  and 
Vincennes  quadrangles  from  Bridgeport  to  Embarrass  River.  Along  the  western 
side  of  the  anticline  and  terrace  southward  and  southeastward,  from  the  border 
of  the  quadrangle  in  sec.  21,  T.  3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  the  rocks  on  the  western  flank 
of  the  anticline  dip  deeply  southwestward  into  the  Illinois  Basin.  This  steeply 
dipping  flank  of  the  anticline  extends  across  the  southern  end  of  the  oil  field 
from  sec.  10,  T.  2  N.,  R.  12  W.,  toward  St.  Francisville,  passing  through  the 
northern  half  of  sec.  20,  T.  2  N.,  R.  11  W.,  a  short  distance  north  of  the  town. 

"It  is  probable  that  a  comparatively  sharp  monocline  crosses  the  north- 
eastern corner  of  the  quadrangle  in  a  northwest-southeast  direction  from  the 
middle  of  the  north  line,  northeast  of  which  the  rocks  are  300  to  400  feet 
higher  than  on  the  southwest  The  presence  of  this  monocline  is  inferred  from 
the  logs  of  the  deep  wells  in  the  Birds  quadrangle  to  the  north.  The  probability 
of  the  presence  of  this  monocline  is  confirmed  by  the  detailed  log  of  a  well 
on  the  Boonilletts  farm,  4  miles  north  of  Vincennes  (not  located  on  the  map), 
in  which  the  top  of  the  Ste.  Genevieve  limestone  is  not  less  than  280  feet  above 
datum. 

"The  eastern  flank  of  the  principal  anticline  dips  much  less  steeply  than 
the  western.    From  the  crest  is  an  eastward  dip  of  about  40  feet  in  a  distance  of 


1  Rich,   J.   L..,   Oil   and    gas   in   the   Vincennes    quadrangle:    111.    State    Geological 
Survey  Bull.   33,  p.   172,   1916. 


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LA  SALLE    ANTICLIKE:       PKE-PENNSYLVANIAN     STRUCTURE  141 

two  miles  beyond  which  the  rocks  flatten  out,  and  the  average  dip,  as  is  indi- 
cated by  the  records  of  the  wells  farthest  east,  does  not  exceed  10  feet  per 
mile.  On  this  flat  eastern  limb  of  the  anticline  small  local  domes  20  to  60  feet 
in  height  have  permitted  the  accumulation  of  oil  at  several  localities  forming 
the  Billett,  Hebert,  and  Murphy  pools.  Throughout  this  area  the  general 
conditions  for  the  accumulation  of  oil  are  moderately  favorable  wherever 
small  local  domes  occur.  Such  domes  are  likely  to  be  of  small  area,  and  their 
presence  can  be  determined  only  by  the  drill." 

The  structural  features  of  the  La  Salle  anticline  in  the  main  oil  field 
are  summarized  in  the  map  already  presented  as  Plate  III.  On  it  are 
shown  the  position  of  the  various  oil  pools  along  the  La  Salle  anticline  in 
Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties,  and  the  crescentic  sweeping  curves  of 
the  monoclines  and  troughs  that  swing  off  to  the  southeast  at  various 
places  in  the  oil  fields  are  indicated  by  the  contours  or  the  trend  of  the 
producing  areas.  Some  idea  of  the  southward  pitch  of  the  older  rocks 
along  the  anticline  may  be  obtained  by  a  comparison  of  figures  indicating 
the  depth  of  these  formations  at  the  different  drill  holes.  The  southward 
pitch  of  the  strata  from  Mahomet  may  also  be  observed  by  an  inspection 
of  the  accompanying  structure  section  sheet  (Plate  IV)  showing  graph- 
ically several  records  of  drill  holes  between  Mahomet  and  Vincennes. 
The  extent  of  the  unconformity  between  Pennsylvanian  and  pre- 
Pennsylvanian  strata  is  evident  from  the  great  increase  southward  in  the 
interval  between  No.  6  coal  and  the  Mississippian  limestone — the  "Big 
Lime" — as  shown  by  the  figures  on  the  map  and  by  the  structure  sections. 

PROFILES  OF  THE  SURFACE  OF  THE   ST.   PETER  SANDSTONE 

Supplementary  to  the  data  presented  on  the  structure  map  numerous 
profiles  based  upon  drilling  data  have  been  constructed  across  the  State 
to  show  the  structure  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  (see  Plate  V).  These 
are  twelve  in  number  and  are  so  constructed  as  to  show  the  surface  of  the 
St.  Peter  sandstone  and  its  relation  to  sea  level.  The  straight  line  at  the 
top  or  bottom  of  the  profiles  represents  sea  level  and  is  drawn  approxi- 
mately across  the  line  of  the  section.  The  profiles  are  serviceable  in  em- 
phasizing some  of  the  points  previously  mentioned  in  the  interpretation 
of  the  structure  map.  These  are:  (1)  the  broad  character  of  the 
structure  in  northern  Illinois;  (2)  the  sharpness  of  the  fold  in  La  Salle 
County;  (3)  the  apparent  nearly  total  obliteration  of  the  deformation  in 
Livingston  County;  and  (4)  the  relatively  steep  eastward  limb  of  the 
fold  in  Champaign  County. 


CHAPTER  IV— DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  STRUCTURE  OF  THE 
PENNSYLVANIAN  STRATA 

Preliminary  Statement 

Just  as  in  the  case  of  the  older  rocks  the  structure  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian  system  is  better  known  in  some  regions  than  in  others.  In  the 
La  Salle  region,  for  instance,  the  La  Salle  coal  can  be  followed  the  en- 
tire length  of  the  west  limb  of  the  anticline  from  the  crest  to  the  trough, 
and  exposures  of  other  beds  are  common  along  the  anticline.  Farther 
south,  however,  and  toward  the  west  the  structures  are  not  well  exposed, 
and  drilling  even  though  common,  as  in  the  oil  fields,  is  not  of  the  char- 
acter that  permits  of  the  ready  identification  of  the  thin  beds  common  to 
the  "Coal  Measures".  Identification  of  thin  limestones  and  coals,  and 
their  correlation  from  drill  hole  to  drill  hole,  is  possible  with  practical 
certainty  of  correctness  where  the  drilling  is  done  with  a  diamond  drill 
and  the  core  correctly  and  carefully  described ;  but  where  the  drilling  is 
done  by  the  churn  drill,  which  is  commonly  used  in  sinking  an  oil  or  gas 
prospect,  a  detailed  record  showing  the  correct  thickness  and  character  of 
the  successive  beds  is  practically  impossible  to  obtain  and  is  not  commonly 
attempted.  Where  the  drilling  chips  can  be  examined  by  a  geologist, 
much  more  reliable  records  can  be  assembled  than  are  commonly  fur- 
nished by  the  driller,  but  the  geologist  is  not  often  given  the  opportunity 
of  making  the  examinations.  The  Survey  has  hundreds  of  excellent 
records  of  drill  holes  in  the  coal  field  west  of  the  anticline,  but  to  the  east, 
except  in  Vermilion  County  most  of  the  information  in  regard  to  the 
"Coal  Measures"  is  based  upon  churn-drill  records,  and  in  most  of  these 
only  the  oil  or  gas  sand  is  noted. 

Areal  Geology 

As  with  the  older  rocks  the  distribution  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system 
as  a  whole  without  respect  to  the  subdivisions  throws  considerable  light 
upon  the  position  and  the  form  of  the  fold.  In  the  La  Salle  region,  for 
instance,  the  boundary  between  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  and  the  older 
formations  is  known  to  follow  the  line  of  folding  from  northeast  Bureau 
County  near  La  Moille  to  the  south  bluff  of  the  Illinois  southwest  of 
Utica.  Thence  the  boundary  swings  around  the  blunt  end  of  the  anticline 
which  terminates  in  La  Salle  County  as  far  as  the  northeast  corner  of 
Grundy  County.  It  does  not  seem  improbable  that  the  "Coal  Measures" 
may  now  or  did  once  extend  into  the    Pawpaw-Aurora    syncline.     The 

142 


LA    SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PRE-PENNSYLVANIAN    STRUCTURE  143 

Pennsylvanian  strata  seem  to  be  persistent  over  the  crest  of  the  fold  in 
southern  La  Salle  and  in  Livingston  counties,  but  in  Champaign  and 
Douglas  counties  there  apparently  is  a  narrow  area  along  the  crest  of  the 
anticline  where  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks,  at  least  such  are  coal  bearing, 
have  been  entirely  removed.  Wells  at  Mahomet,  Champaign,  Pesotum, 
and  Tuscola  are  similar  in  reporting  the  absence  of  Pennsylvanian 
strata.  The  drift  in  this  region  is  very  thick,  amounting  in  places  to  300 
feet.  Even  were  only  about  300  feet  of  Pennsylvanian  strata  present 
this  far  south  in  the  coal  basin,  it  would  represent  a  notable  thinning  of 
the  measures  as  compared  with  the  thickness  existing  in  the  troughs  to 
the  east  and  west,  896  feet  of  drift  and  "Coal  Measures"  being  found, 
for  instance,  at  Heyworth,  in  McLean  County  which  lies  several  miles 
north  in  the  trough  of  the  Illinois  basin. 

The  areal  geology  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system  as  a  whole  indicates 
a  general  axis  of  elevation  along  the  line  of  the  La  Salle  anticline  as 
mapped  for  the  St.  Peter  sandstone. 

Structure  of  Pennsylvanian  Rocks  in  the  La  Salle  Region  as 

Revealed  by  Field  Investigations  of  Outcrops  and  by 

Mine  Examination 

Field  observation  of  Pennsylvanian  structure  both  above  and  below 
ground  is  limited  entirely  to  the  La  Salle  region.  There  have  been  some 
investigations  of  the  structure  of  the  exposed  rocks  in  Crawford  and 
Lawrence  counties  along  the  line  of  the  anticline,  but  these  investigations 
discovered  no  significant  irregularities  in  the  structure  of  the  surface 
rocks. 

underground  structure 

NO.    2    COAL 

Two  mines  in  the  La  Salle  field  are  operating  or  have  operated  in 
No.  2  or  "Third  Vein"  coal  on  or  contiguous  to  the  fold.  One  of  these, 
the  Black  Hollow  mine  of  the  Illinois  Zinc  Company,  located  near  the 
center  of  sec.  30,  T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.,  has  driven  its  operations  from  well 
up  on  the  flank  of  the  fold  above  the  outcrop  down  to  the  trough.  The 
other  mine,  the  old  Rockwell  shaft  of  the  La  Salle  County  Carbon  Coal 
Company,  located  in  sec.  14,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E.,  worked  for  some  dis- 
tance up  the  inclination  from  the  west  but  finally  ceased  operations  in 
that  direction  because  of  difficulties  encountered. 

Structure  of  No.  2  coal  in  Black  Hollow  mine. — Observations  on  the 
dip  in  the  Black  Hollow  mine  have  been  taken  constantly  under  the  di- 
rection of  Mr.  J.  A.  Ede,  mining  engineer  in  charge,  so  that  the  structure 
of  the  coal  bed  is  known.    The  mine  is  a  slope  or  drift  mine  entering  the 


144 


YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 


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Fig.  12. — Dip  and  strike  in  Black  Hollow  (Deer  Park)  mine.    From 
drawing  furnished  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Ede,  Mining  Engineer. 


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LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PENNSYLVANIAN    STRUCTURE  145 

seam  part  way  down  the  west  limb  of  the  anticline  about  25  feet  above 
Vermilion  River.  The  main  entry  is  driven  on  a  N.  60°  W.  course  quar- 
tering the  dip  of  the  seam  at  an  angle  of  47°,  the  strike  accordingly  being 
N.  17°  to  19°  W.  The  coal  at  the  mine  entrance  has  a  dip  of  10  to  15 
per  cent  (9°)  ;  in  the  next  200  feet  it  increases  to  34  per  cent  (20°)  ;  in 
the  next  100  feet  to  71  per  cent  (37°)  ;  and  in  the  next  250  feet  to  100 
per  cent  (45°).  Shortly  below  this  the  foot  of  the  incline  was  reached, 
but  not  until  a  dip  of  between  50  and  55  degrees  was  encountered.  The 
structure  as  indicated  above  is  shown  graphically  in  the  accompanying 
sketch  (fig.  12)  reproduced  from  a  drawing  prepared  under  the  direction 
of  Mr.  Ede. 

In  the  description  of  the  structure  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  in  the 
vicinity  of  Deer  Park,  mention  was  made  of  a  sudden  increase  in  the  dip 
of  the  sandstone  along  a  certain  line  whereby  a  distinct  elbow  or  angle 
was  produced  in  the  surface  of  the  rock.  The  coal  overlying  the  posi- 
tion of  this  change  in  dip  does  not  appear  to  change  its  inclination.  About 
1,000  to  2,000  feet  west,  however,  in  the  Black  Hollow  mine  the  dip  grad- 
ually increases  from  6°  to  10°.  Then  the  inclination  increases  greatly, 
as  described  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  producing  a  sudden  change  in 
the  dip  from  about  10°  to  about  20°  with  a  constantly  increasing  dip 
toward  the  bottom  of  the  trough.  At  one  position  another  sudden  change 
was  noted,  involving  an  increase  from  about  40°  to  50°,  marked  by  a  dis- 
tinct angle  or  elbow  in  the  surface  of  the  fire  clay  underlying  the  coal.  At 
the  foot  of  the  slope  there  is  a  sudden  flattening  out  of  the  strata  without 
much  further  inclination. 

Other  relationships  in  this  mine  to  which  special  attention  needs  to  be 
directed  concern  the  variations  in  the  direction  of  strike  and  dip.  The 
coal  in  the  upper  part  of  the  west  limb  down  to  the  line  of  increased  dip, 
which  is  called  the  "line  of  accelerated  dip"  by  the  engineer  in  charge  of 
the  mine,  is  inclined  10°  or  less  and  the  strike  is  approximately  N.  19°  W. 
The  line  of  increased  dip  bears  more  to  the  west,  its  strike  being  about 
N.  30°  W.,  and  the  strata  down  the  dip  from  this  line  are  inclined  about 
at  right  angles  to  this  bearing,  with  increasing  rate  of  dip  up  to  about 
50°.  The  various  relationships  of  dip,  strike,  increased  dip,  etc.,  are 
shown  in  figure  12  and  Plate  VI. 

Structure  of  No.  2  coal  in  Rockwell  mine. — The  abandoned  shaft  of 
the  Rockwell  mine  of  the  La  Salle  County  Carbon  Coal  Co.  is  located  near 
the  center  of  the  NW.  ]/A  SE.  %,  sec.  14,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E.,  about  ><-mile 
east  of  Little  Vermilion  River  along  the  bluff  line  of  Illinois  Valley.  The 
altitude  of  the  coal  at  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  is  about  110  feet  above  sea 
level.  On  the  accompanying  sketch  map  (PL  VII)  the  structure  of  the 
coal  on  the  east  side  of  the  mine  approaching  the  fold  is  shown  by  con- 


146  YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 

tour  lines  at  five-foot  intervals,  an  arbitrary  elevation  of  100  being  as- 
sumed as  the  altitude  of  the  coal  at  the  base  of  the  shaft.  The  coal  lies 
nearly  horizontal  for  a  distance  of  2,600  feet  east,  beyond  which  there  is 
a  conspicuous  rise.  From  the  difference  existing  between  the  altitude  of 
the  coal  in  the  mine  workings  and  as  determined  in  a  drill  hole  about  500 
feet  east  of  the  workings  it  is  evident  that  as  in  the  Black  Hollow  mine 
the  coal  is  more  steeply  inclined  near  the  foot  of  the  west  side  of  the  anti- 
cline than  it  is  higher  up  on  the  slope.  In  the  mine  the  greatest  change  in 
altitude  as  shown  on  the  map  is  7  feet  in  a  distance  of  about  30  feet. 
This  corresponds  to  a  dip  of  12°  to  13°.  This  rate  of  slope  apparently 
continues  some  distance  east,  for  between  a  point  immediately  below  the 
triangulation  station  shown  on  the  map  and  bore  hole  No.  6,  a  distance  of 
about  500  feet,  the  coal  rises  about  140  feet,  a  13°  dip  being  the  average 
inclination  between  the  two  points.  Between  the  drill  hole  (No.  6)  and 
the  outcrop  of  the  coal  at  Split  Rock  there  is  a  decrease  in  the  average 
rate  of  dip.  The  distance  is  about  1,400  feet  and  the  difference  in  altitude 
about  200  feet,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  14  per  cent  or  8°  dip.  The  dip 
of  the  sandstone  layer  a  short  distance  below  No.  2  coal  at  Split  Rock  is 
about  8y2°,  and  it  is  possible  that  the  dip  of  the  coal  is  still  less. 

STRUCTURE  OF   EXPOSED  ROCK 

The  structure  of  exposed  Pennsylvanian  formations  is  best  shown  by 
certain  readily  identified  or  conspicuous  strata  outcropping  along  the 
valleys  of  the  Illinois  and  Little  and  Big  Vermilion  rivers.  Of  these 
strata  No.  2  coal  and  the  La  Salle  limestone  are  the  most  important,  but 
the  other  coal  beds  and  limestones  are  also  useful  in  determining  the 
structure.  The  outcropping  rocks  are  exposed  along  the  west  flank  of 
the  fold,  but  no  single  stratum  is  exposed  from  the  trough  to  the  crest 
of  the  anticline.  Those  strata  like  No.  2  coal  which  are  exposed  from  the 
top  of  the  fold  to  a  position  part  way  down  the  slope  are  below  the  sur- 
face on  the  lower  part  of  the  slope,  whereas  strata  like  the  La  Salle  lime- 
stone, which  is  exposed  in  the  trough  of  the  fold  and  a  short  distance  up 
the  slope,  have  been  eroded  over  the  crest.  Accordingly,  for  a  profile  of 
the  structure  it  is  necessary  to  obtain  underground  data  such  as  have  been 
introduced. 

NO.   2    COAL 

Description  of  structure. — No.  2  coal  is  exposed  almost  continually 
along  the  west  slope  beginning  about  125  feet  below  its  highest  level  along 
the  axis  of  the  fold.  As  the  total  difference  in  altitude  of  the  coal  between 
the  crest  and  the  trough  of  the  fold  is  about  500  feet,  the  exposures  are 
available  only  about  ^-way  down  the  slope.  Eastward,  however,  from 
the  axis  of  the  deformation  on  the  east  flank  there  are  exposures  of  the 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PENNSYLVANIAN    STRUCTURE  147 

coal  to  about  1  mile  east  of  the  mouth  of  Fox  River.  On  Vermilion 
River  and  its  tributaries  the  exposures  are  mainly  near  the  top  of  the 
west  slope,  and  at  Lowell  the  coal  is  exposed  practically  at  the  crest  of 
the  fold.  Along  Little  Vermilion  River  the  relationships  are  about  the 
same  as  along  Big  Vermilion,  except  that  the  rocks  over  the  crest  of  the 
fold  are  more  rarely  exposed. 

The  structural  relation  of  the  Pennsylvanian  and  pre-Pennsylvanian 
strata  is  of  some  interest.  The  No.  2  coal  is  probably  nowhere  entirely 
parallel  with  the  older  strata,  but  the  structure  closely  approximates  par- 
allelism in  certain  positions  across  the  fold.  From  where  the  older  rocks 
suddenly  incline  more  steeply  to  the  west,  a  position  which  has  been  des- 
ignated as  the  "line  of  increased  dip"  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  strata, 
upward  along  the  slope  to  the  crest  of  the  anticline  the  Pennsylvanian  and 
pre-Pennsylvanian  strata  are  nearly  parallel ;  not  entirely  so,  however,  as 
the  lower  rocks  pitch  southward  along  the  axis  of  the  fold  more  steeply 
than  do  the  "Coal  Measures."  East  of  the  axis,  likewise,  the  coal  and  the 
pre-Pennsylvanian  strata  are  nearly  parallel,  but  there  is  a  slightly 
steeper  eastward  inclination  of  the  lower  beds  toward  the  trough 
of  a  broad  syncline  the  axis  of  which  extends  south  from  near  Seneca. 
East  of  this  axis  the  older  rocks  rise  again  more  rapidly  than  the  coal. 
Here  and  there  irregularities  such  as  the  syncline  in  the  sandstone  at 
Covel  Creek  are  indicative  of  the  structural  unconformity  between  the 
Pennsylvanian  and  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks  on  the  east  side  of  the  crest 
of  the  anticline. 

A  somewhat  different  relationship  between  the  structure  of  the 
Pennsylvanian  strata  and  the  underlying  formation  along  the  crest  of  the 
fold  appears  to  exist  at  Lowell  than  was  noted  farther  north.  At  Deer 
Park,  for  instance,  the  coal  and  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  are  very  nearly 
parallel  across  the  axis  of  the  deformation  and  for  a  distance  down 
either  side.  At  Lowell  on  the  other  hand,  the  Galena-Platteville,  which 
underlies  the  Pennsylvanian,  dips  at  an  increasing  rate  down  stream  from 
some  distance  above  the  bridge,  the  coal  being  nearly  horizontal  or 
affected  only  by  the  southward  pitch  of  the  rocks,  dipping  slightly  in 
that  direction. 

Development  of  structure. — From  the  line  of  increased  dip  of  the 
pre-Pennsylvanian  strata  down  to  the  lower  limit  of  exposure  the  struct- 
ural unconformity  between  the  Pennsylvanian  strata  and  the  lower  strata 
is  very  evident,  but  above  this  line  it  is  not  so,  all  formations  being  more 
nearly  parallel.  There  seems  to  be  no  change  in  the  rate  of  dip  of  the 
coal  as  it  crosses  the  line  of  increased  dip  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  rocks, 
as  observed  at  Deer  Park,  near  Black  Hollow,  at  Split  Rock,  and  at 
places  along  the  Little  Vermilion.      It  is   apparent,   therefore,   thai    de- 


148 


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LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PENNSYLVANIAN    STRUCTURE  149 

formation  along  this  line  took  place  prior  to  the  deposition  of  No.  2 
coal.  Certain  structural  and  stratigraphic  relationships  existing  at  Split 
Rock  near  the  cen.  N.  y2  sec.  13,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E.,  indicate  that  some  of 
this  deformation  may  have  taken  place  in  Pennsylvania!!  time  prior  to  the 
deposition  of  No.  2  coal.  The  accompanying  sketch  (fig.  13)  shows  the 
conditions  at  this  place.  An  unconformity  is  shown  within  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian  system  below  a  continuous  ledge  of  sandstone  which  underlies  by 
a  few  feet  the  position  of  No.  2  coal.  The  sketch  also  shows  the  com- 
monly existing  structural  relationships  between  No.  2  coal  and  the  St. 
Peter  sandstone  or  Platteville  limestone  west  of  the  line  of  increased  rate 
of  dip. 

From  these  various  relationships  it  appears  that  the  deformation  of 
the  pre-Pennsylvanian  strata  took  place  prior  to  the  deposition  of  No.  2 
coal  along  the  line  of  the  increased  dip,  and  the  relationships  at  Split 
Rock  indicate  that  some  of  this  movement  may  have  been  during  Potts- 
ville  time,  all  Pennsylvanian  strata  below  No.  2  coal  being  regarded  as  of 
Pottsville  age.  There  had  also  been  regional  southward  tilting  of  the 
older  strata  in  pre-Pennsylvanian  time.  Structural  conditions  previously 
described  indicate  that  after  deposition  of  No.  2  coal  there  was  elevation 
along  an  anticlinal  axis  several  hundred  feet  east  of  the  line  of  in- 
creased dip  of  the  older  strata.  As  a  result,  the  strata  on  the  west  side  of 
the  axis  were  inclined  not  over  8°  to  10°  westward,  the  dip  to  the  east 
being  still  less  (see  fig.  14).  If  to  the  above  is  added  the  information 
concerning  No.  2  coal  obtained  in  the  mines  a  third  folding  took  place 
possibly  at  a  still  later  time  west  of  the  line  of  increased  dip  of  the  pre- 
Pennsylvanian  strata.  This  folding  produced  the  belt  of  steeply  dipping 
strata  discovered  in  the  mines.  The  various  structural  relationships  as 
described  are  shown  graphically  in  order  of  sequence  in  the  accompanying 
sketch  (fig.  14). 

STRUCTURE   OF  PENNSYLVANIAN   STRATA  BETWEEN   NO.    2    COAL  AND  THE   LA   SALLE 

LIMESTONE 

The  structure  of  outcropping  Pennsylvanian  rocks  above  No.  2  coal 
and  below  the  La  Salle  limestone  is  not  very  accurately  determinable. 
The  reason  for  this  lies  in  the  lithologic  character  of  the  strata;  most  of 
the  members  of  this  part  of  the  section  consist  of  soft  shales  or  massive 
structureless  sandstones.  There  are  two  coal  beds  and  a  few  thin  lime- 
stones upon  which,  locally,  dip  and  strike  can  be  satisfactorily  measured ; 
but  the  regional  nature  of  their  deformation  is  not  determinable  either 
because  of  lack  of  continuity,  or  of  failure  of  exposure,  or  of  impossibil- 
ity of  correct  correlation  from  outcrop  to  outcrop. 

So  far  as  observed  these  intermediate  strata  are  not  known  to  dip 
as  steeply  as  No.  2  coal  in  the  Black  Hollow  mine.     Gray  shales  about 


150 


YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 


A    Line  of  increased  dip  of  sandstone 


pS=z=^ 

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-^r~~~r                           ~"*™ 

■■—-  • - 

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|  Line  of  maximum  elevation 

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C    Line  of  Increased  dip  of  coal 


FlG    14. —Diagrammatic    sketches    showing    the    succession    of    events    in    the 
LaSalle  region. 

a.  Showing  the  older  rocks   folded  prior  to  the  deposition   of  peat  which 
formed  No.  2  coal. 

b.  No.    2    coal   and    older   rocks    folded    along   the    axis    lying    east    of   the 
original  line  of  deformation. 

c.  No.  2  coal  and  older  rocks  folded  along  a  line  west  of  the  two  other 
lines  of  deformation. 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PENNSYLVANIAN    STRUCTURE  151 

midway  of  the  Pennsylvanian  section  are  exposed  in  the  vicinity  of  Split 
Rock  where  they  have  a  dip  of  about  20°  ;  the  same  beds  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Illinois  in  approximately  the  same  position  relative  to  the  axis 
of  the  fold  dip  only  about  10°.  Other  beds  upturned  by  the  fold  and  ex- 
posed in  gullies  between  Split  Rock  and  the  outcropping  La  Salle  lime- 
stone (sec.  13,  T.  33  N.,  R.  1  E.)  are  inclined  as  much  as  14°  to  20°. 
Strata  along  the  Little  Vermilion  near  the  mouth  of  Tomahawk  Creek 
dip  as  much  as  13°.  One  of  the  intermediate  coal  beds,  known  locally  as 
the  "Second  Vein",  which  is  exposed  in  the  bluff  of  the  Vermilion  south 
of  the  suspension  bridge  at  Deer  Park,  dips  upstream  about  12°  to  15°, 
declining  from  an  altitude  of  560  feet  to  the  level  of  the  river  (460  feet) 
in  a  distance  of  about  1,600  feet,  a  slope  which  is  equivalent  to  an  aver- 
age dip  of  about  3l/2°.  The  dip  is  probably  greater  than  this  average  in 
places,  especially  toward  the  west. 

Such  data  as  are  available  concerning  these  intermediate  strata 
seem  to  indicate  that  the  steepness  of  inclination  increases  somewhat 
down  the  dip,  but  no  evidence  has  been  found  of  a  line  beyond  which 
there  is  a  marked  increase  in  the  rate  of  dip.  Apparently  such  increase 
affects  only  strata  below  the  level  of  outcrop,  that  is  below  an  altitude 
of  about  480  feet.  The  structural  relations  are  not  absolutely  clear  but 
they  point  to  unconformable  relations  between  the  different  members 
involved.  This  probability  is  further  enhanced  by  the  thinning  of 
the  system  as  it  rises  over  the  anticline,  indicated  by  the  decrease  in 
interval  between  No.  2  coal  and  No.  5  coal  ("Second  Vein").  This  in- 
terval in  the  basin  west  of  the  fold  is  about  180  feet,1  but  along  Vermilion 
River  near  Deer  Park  the  two  coals  outcrop  in  the  same  bluff  with  a 
possible  interval  not  greater  than  100  feet,  and  probably  not  more  than 
80  feet.  This  decrease  in  interval  is  described  at  greater  length  in  an 
ensuing  paragraph. 

STRUCTURE   OF  THE   LA    SALLE   LIMESTONE 

Further  data  in  regard  to  the  detailed  structure  of  the  Pennsylvanian 
rocks  in  the  La  Salle  region  are  afforded  by  observations  at  outcrops  and 
by  drilling  data  that  concern  the  altitude  of  the  La  Salle  limestone. 
This  member  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system  is  a  conspicuous  cliff-forming 
limestone  along  Illinois  and  the  two  Vermilion  rivers,  found  in  typical 
expression  only  parallel  to  the  anticline  along  the  west  limb  of  the  fold. 
The  value  of  this  member  in  these  studies  lies  in  its  continuity  of  ex- 
posure and  in  the  fact  that  the  limestone  strata  and  associated  beds 
afford  satisfactory  planes  upon  which  to  make  structural  measurements. 
Its  distribution  is  indicated  on  the  accompanying  map  (fig.  15)   and  the 


]  111.  Coal.  Mining  Investigations  Bull.   10,  pp.   81-83,   1915. 


m 


Area  underlain  by  La  Salle  limestone 

Outcrop  shown  by  heavy  black  line 

Fig.  15. — Map  of  the  La  Salle  region  showing  the  distribution  of  the  La  Salle 
limestone.    Scale,  IV2  miles  to  the  inch. 


la  salle  anticline:     pennsylvanian  stbucture  153 

parallelism  to  the  anticline  is  apparent.  Stratigraphically  this  member 
lies  about  400  feet  above  No.  2  coal.  Underlying  the  limestone  is  a 
black  fissile  shale  which  is  readily  recognizable  and  which  affords  an 
excellent  structure  datum. 

Because  of  outcrops  or  drilling  the  structure  of  the  La  Salle  lime- 
stone is  especially  demonstrable  in  three  localities:  (1)  From  La  Salle 
east  on  the  outcrop  along  the  north  bluff  of  the  Illinois;  (2)  along  Ver- 
milion River  east  from  the  quarry  of  the  Chicago  Portland  Cement  Co. ; 
and  (3)  along  Vermilion  River  east  from  the  plant  operated  by  the  Mar- 
quette Portland  Cement  Co.  At  the  last  two  localities  the  results  of 
drilling  or  leveling  by  the  cement  companies  have  been  made  available. 
In  all  of  the  areas  the  structure  is  very  similar. 

(1)  The  limestone  is  horizontal  at  La  Salle  and  across  the  Little 
Vermilion  in  the  quarry  of  the  La  Salle  (formerly  German- American) 
Portland  Cement  Co.  At  this  quarry  the  altitude  of  the  base  of  the 
limestone  or  the  top  of  the  black  slate  is  490  feet  above  sea  level.  One 
mile  east  of  the  Little  Vermilion  is  an  old  quarry  along  the  Illinois  bluff 
and  the  electric  road,  where  the  altitude  of  the  same  horizon  is  about 
505  feet.  The  strata  rise  from  this  point  eastward,  outcropping  finally 
as  a  ridge  extending  N.  27°  W.,  toward  the  valley  of  the  Little  Ver- 
milion from  the  Illinois  bluff  at  a  point  about  1,000  feet  northeast  of  the 
quarry.  The  altitude  of  the  base  of  the  limestone  along  the  ridge  at  the 
outcrop  is  about  580  feet,  and  the  dip,  measured  along  strata  exposed  in 
an  abandoned  quarry  at  the  crest  of  the  ridge  is  about  15°,  N.  35°  W., 
the  strike  apparently  being  locally  slightly  more  to  the  west  than  the 
general  bearing  of  the  ridge  as  a  physiographic  feature. 

(2)  Along  Vermilion  River  at  the  quarry  of  the  Chicago  Portland 
Cement  Company  somewhat  similar  data  are  obtainable.  The  altitude 
of  the  base  of  the  limestone  in  this  quarry  is  about  507  feet  above  sea 
level  at  a  point  opposite  the  mills.  Drillings  along  a  line  running  east 
from  the  quarry  (PI.  VI)  indicate  that  the  strata  dip  west  from  the  out- 
crop along  the  bluff  of  the  Vermilion  at  an  angle  of  about  13°,  a  dip 
which  produces  a  decrease  in  altitude  of  about  30  feet  in  150  feet  of 
distance.  For  the  next  950  feet  the  rocks  decline  only  12  to  15  feet,  the 
average  dip  being  about  y2° .  In  the  next  400  feet  the  limestone  has  an 
average  dip  of  about  4°  producing  a  difference  of  altitude  of  about  28 
feet ;  thence  west  to  the  river  the  strata  are  essentially  horizontal.  This 
structure  is  apparently  very  much  the  same  as  that  along  the  Illinois  as  de- 
scribed above,  and  is  similar  to  that  observed  at  other  places  along  the 
Illinois  and  Little  and  Big  Vermilion  rivers  where  the  strata  rise  on  the 
flank  of  the  fold. 

(3)  Information  concerning  the  structure  of  the  limestone  has 
also  been  contributed  by  the  Marquette  Portland  Cement  Co.,  based  upon 


154 


YEARBOOK   FOR    1916 


Scale: 


t      Mac — i 
400   feet 


FlG    16.— Structure  of  the  La  Salle  limestone  in  the  NW.  %  sec.  31,  T.  33  N. 
R.  1  E. 


LA    SALLE   ANTICLINE:       PENNSYLV  ANIAN    STRUCTURE  155 

levels  in  their  mine.  Observations  on  the  altitude  of  a  bed  of  shale  7 
feet  from  the  base  of  the  limestone  have  been  made  at  a  number  of 
places  in  the  NW.  ]/\  sec.  31,  T.  33  N.,  R.  2  E.  Here,  as  in  similar  places 
near  the  fold,  it  is  evident  that  the  deformation  affects  the  strata  sud- 
denly, the  rock  rising  on  the  west  limb  of  the  anticline  from  an  approx- 
imately horizontal  position.  The  accompanying  sketch  map  (fig.  16) 
is  a  structure  map  of  the  La  Salle  limestone  based  upon  the  altitude  of 
the  7-foot  shale  at  various  points  indicated  by  dots.  Near  the  west  line 
of  the  section  the  limestone  has  an  altitude  of  517  to  521  feet;  near  the 
northeast  corner  of  the  %  section  the  altitude  is  560.9  feet,  the  total  rise 
being  40  feet.  Of  this  rise  30  feet  is  in  the  last  1,150  feet,  20  feet  in 
the  last  400  feet,  and  10  feet  in  the  last  130  feet,,  which  latter  rise  is 
about  an  8  per  cent  or  4°  dip.  The  rocks  dip  somewhat  southward  and 
the  main  anticline  as  determined  by  this  structure  map  has  a  bearing  of 
between  12°  and  20°  west  of  north,  the  exact  direction  being  inde- 
terminable from  the  map.  It  will  be  remembered  that  this  is  about  the 
bearing  of  the  No.  2  coal  in  the  Black  Hollow  mine  above  the  line  of 
increased  rate  of  dip. 

Unfortunately  for  the  purposes  of  this  study,  comparison  of  the 
structure  of  the  La  Salle  limestone  with  that  of  the  lower  strata, 
especially  No.  2  coal  is  possible  only  for  the  lower  1,000  feet  of  the  west 
limb  of  the  fold.  The  conclusions  reached  on  the  basis  of  these  data 
might  be  more  clearly  substantiated  were  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  not 
so  largely  removed  across  the  crest  of  the  fold,  yet  it  is  believed  that 
such  conclusions  do  not  overreach  the  evidence  that  is  at  hand. 

The  two  significant  facts  about  the  structure  of  the  limestone  are : 
(1)  Its  apparent  unconformity  with  the  structure  of  the  coal  and  (2) 
the  apparent  parallelism  of  the  strike  of  the  limestone  with  the  bearing 
of  the  line  of  increased  dip  existing  in  Black  Hollow  mine  and  probably 
present  in  Rockwell  mine.  The  amount  of  divergence  in  dip  between  the 
limestone  and  the  coal  is  probably  as  much  as  25°  and  possibly  more. 
[n  one  place  only  along  the  fold  is  the  limestone  known  to  dip  more  than 
20°,  a  dip  of  about  24°  having  been  measured  along  Little  Vermilion 
River  about  3  miles  north  of  La  Salle.  Elsewhere  the  dip  is  rarely  more 
than  15°.  If  the  folding  of  the  limestone,  a  deformation  which  would 
of  course  affect  underlying  strata,  took  place  later  than  the  folding  of 
the  coal  along  the  axis  now  marking  the  position  of  maximum  elevation, 
there  would  be  produced  a  belt  of  increased  dip  in  the  coal  such  as  has 
been  observed  in  Black  Hollow  mine.  The  apparent  parallelism  of  this 
line  of  increased  dip  with  the  strike  of  the  limestone  is  a  structural  re- 
lation which  seems  to  substantiate  this  interpretation  of  the  structure. 

If  there  were  two  periods  of  deformation,  as  suggested,  in  Penn- 
sylvanian time,  one  after  the  deposition  of  No.  2  coal  and  before  the 


156  YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 

deposition  of  the  La  Salle  limestone  there  should  be  some  stratigraphic 
evidence  that  such  was  the  case.  This  is  not  altogether  lacking  in  the 
thinning  of  the  formation  against  and  over  the  fold.  The  greatest 
known  interval  between  No.  2  and  No.  5  coal  near  Deer  Park  is  about 
100  feet,  as  has  already  been  stated.  The  same  strata  occupy  180  to 
200  feet  west  of  the  fold.  Along  Vermilion  River  in  the  NW.  yA  NW. 
Y4,  sec.  8,  T.  32  N.,  R.  2  E.,  No.  5,  or  possibly  No.  7,  coal  is  present 
along  the  north  side  of  the  river  probably  not  over  75  feet  above  No.  2 
coal.  The  upper  coal  seems  to  be  about  horizontal.  The  coal  with  its 
floor  clay  overlies  a  massive  sandstone  below  which  there  is  a  definite 
erosion  unconformity.  In  the  Streator  region,  which  is  east  of  the  crest 
of  the  fold,  the  interval  between  No.  2  coal  and  No.  7  coal  varies  from 
115  to  40  feet.  This  is  80  to  100  feet  less  than  the  interval  between  the 
same  coals  in  the  southern  part  of  La  Salle  County  west  of  the  anticline. 
No.  5  coal  which  lies  about  50  feet  below  No.  7  coal  in  the  region  west 
of  the  anticline  is  not  developed  in  the  Streator  region.  At  Marseilles 
the  interval  between  the  upper  and  lower  coals  is  about  125  feet. 

Although,  possibly,  evidences  of  thinning  of  the  Pennsylvanian 
strata  are  not  especially  convincing  at  Deer  Park,  farther  south  where 
the  southward  pitch  of  the  fold  causes  higher  members  of  the 
Pennsylvanian  system  to  extend  over  the  crest  of  the  deformation,  there 
seem  to  be  definite  indications  of  decrease  in  interval  between  coal  beds. 
This  decrease  amounts  to  J^  or  more  of  the  interval  prevailing  west  of 
the  anticline.  That  a  structural  unconformity  exists  within  the  Penn- 
sylvanian system  therefore  seems  probable. 

That  the  latest  folding  began  during  or  a  short  time  before  the  depo- 
sition of  the  La  Salle  limestone  is  possibly  to  be  concluded  in  view  of  the 
position  relative  to  the  fold  of  the  typical  lithologic  facies  of  the  lime- 
stone. Where  typically  developed  the  rock  is  calcareous  limestone  con- 
taining very  little  magnesium,  but  considerable  argillaceous  material.  It 
is  fossiliferous  in  certain  benches  which  are  especially  shaly.  Some  of 
the  layers  are  semicrystalline  and  crinoidal,  but  the  rest  of  the  rock  is 
nodular  with  a  brecciated  structure.  It  is  composed  of  many  nodules  the 
size  of  a  walnut  or  even  smaller,  closely  embedded  in  an  argillaceous 
matrix,  which  originally  might  have  been  limy  mud.  Each  nodule  is  com- 
posed of  very  pure,  smooth-textured,  very  fine  limestone.  Such  nodules 
are  not  commonly,  if  at  all,  fossiliferous.  The  character  of  the  nodules 
suggests  a  chemical  origin  for  this  portion  of  the  rock,  in  which  case  the 
rock  was  probably  deposited  in  shallow  actively  agitated  water  where 
evaporation  was  effective. 

Where  typically  developed  the  limestone  is  distributed  in  a  narrow 
belt  barely  one  mile  in  width  at  the  foot  of  the  west  side  of  the  anticline. 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PENNSYLVANIAN    STRUCTURE  157 

Westward  it  becomes  shaly  or  else  very  earthy  and  siliceous,  losing  its 
typical  aspect  entirely. 

In  explanation  of  the  phenomena  described,  the  theory  is  advanced 
that  during  the  deposition  of  the  limestone  slight  uplift  was  proceeding 
thereby  producing  shallow  water  and  reef  conditions  which  would  be 
favorable,  with  suitable  climatic  conditions  prevailing,  for  the  develop- 
ment of  concentrated  solutions  from  which  the  lime  could  be  deposited. 
Agitation  of  the  water  by  warm  winds  would  favor  evaporation  and  the 
currents  would  tend  to  roll  about  on  the  sea  floor  the  limy  nodules  formed 
by  precipitation,  eventually  burying  them  in  a  limy  mud.  Some  evidence 
of  a  warm  climate  is  found  in  the  red  shales  that  immediately  overlie  the 
La  Salle  limestone. 

Regional  Structure  of  Pennsylvanian  Strata 
preliminary  statement 

The  structure  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system  lengthwise  of  the  La 
Salle  anticline  can  be  determined  only  by  the  study  of  drill  records.  The 
area  of  exposure  of  rocks  affected  by  the  deformation  in  the  La  Salle 
region  does  not  extend  for  more  than  10  miles  along  the  west  limb  and 
crest  of  the  fold,  and  no  other  similar  area  exists.  Between  La  Salle 
and  Clark  County  the  drilling  is  sparsely  distributed,  so  that  only  a  gen- 
eral  idea  of  the  structure  can  be  obtained.  In  the  oil  fields  of  Clark, 
Crawford,  and  Lawrence  counties  more  satisfactory  information  is  avail- 
able, but  even  these  data  largely  concern  the  east  flank  of  the  anticline. 
From  such  data  as  are  at  hand  a  structure  map  of  the  Pennsylvanian  sys- 
tem (PI.  VIII)  has  been  prepared  using  a  100-foot  contour  interval  and 
No.  2  coal  as  the  structure  datum. 

The  structure  of  No.  2  coal  in  the  Longwall  field  of  the  northern  part 
of  the  coal  basin  has  been  previously  mapped  and  the  map  appears  in  Bul- 
letin 10  of  the  Illinois  Coal  Mining  Investigations. x  The  data  included  in 
the  earlier  map  have  been  incorporated  in  the  structure  map  of  No.  2  coal 
accompanying  this  report.  The  structure  maps  of  the  southern  part  of 
the  coal  basin  presented  in  other  bulletins  of  the  Illinois  Coal  Mining  In- 
vestigations are,  except  for  the  bulletin  which  concerns  the  coal  resources 
of  Jackson  County,  based  upon  the  altitude  of  No.  6  coal.  These  con- 
tours are  adapted  in  their  form  and  position  to  the  purposes  of  the  pres- 
ent map  by  assuming  a  uniform  interval  of  300  feet  between  No.  2  and 
No.  6  coals.  This  figure  is  generally  correct  within  about  50  feet,  es- 
pecially toward  the  central  part  of  the  coal  basin,  the  portion  with  which 
this  report  is  particularly  concerned,  and  an  error  of  this  order  will  not, 
it  is  believed,  vitiate  the  conclusions  based  upon  the  structure  as  del  in e- 

1  Cady,    G.    H.,    Coal   resources   of   District    I    (Longwall):    111.    Coal    Mining   In- 
vestigations Bull.   10,   PI.   I,    1915. 


158 


YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 


ated.  Areas  included  in  the  maps  presented  in  the  various  coal  reports 
already  published  are  indicated  on  the  structure  map,  and  the  contours  in 
these  areas  are  drawn,  for  the  most  part,  with  full  lines.  The  contours 
within  the  area  not  previously  mapped  are  broken  lines,  the  structure  as 
represented  being  based  upon  less  satisfactory  and  generally  more  scat- 
tered data  than  are  available  within  the  areas  already  mapped. 

The  structure  map  shows  the  location  of  drill  holes  and  a  few  mines 
outside  the  area  already  studied,  data  concerning  which  were  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  structure  map.  The  records  of  most  of  these  shafts 
and  drill  holes  have  previously  been  published  so  that  the  data  may  be 
readily  verified.  The  following  table  gives  the  reference  to  the  published 
records,  and  also  shows  the  estimated  or  determined  altitude  of  the 
mouth  of  the  well  or  of  the  shaft  entrance.  The  location  of  the  wells  in 
Clark,  Crawford,  and  Lawrence  counties  is  indicated  with  greater  pre- 
cision in  Plate  III. 

Table  31. — Index  of  published  records  of  drillings  and  coal  shafts  in  the  eastern 
part   of  the  Illinois   coal  basin 


Town  or  farm 

name  and  well 

number 

Location 
Sec.     T.     R. 

Altitude 

above 
sea  level 

Reference 

County- 

Geol. 
Survey 

of 

Illinois 

Vol.  Page 

111.  State 

Geol. 

Survey 

Bull.      Page 

Champaign,  . .  . 

Ivesdale 

Tolono 

iy2  miles  S. 

17  UN  14W 

17?11N  14W 

29  UN  14W 

1  ION  14W 

14     7N  12W 
17     7N  12W 

22     7N  12W 
9     7N  13W 

11     7N  14W 

7     6N  13W 

Feet 
750a 
730a 

600a 

490a 

... 
490a 

475a 

485a 

VII  26 

VII  20 

VIII  36 

16        122 
8         312 

16         123 
2           43 

24           91 
2           45 

24           93 

Clark. 

Young  No.  1 

Young  No.   ? 

Briscoe  No.  1.  . .  . 

Shover  No.  1 

Charleston 

Mattoon 

Coles , 

Crawford 

Highsmith 

Wilson  No.  21 

Jones,  D.  C 

Drake  No.  23 

Curtis  No.  8 

Schiltz  No.  7 

24        113 
22           49 
24         102 
2           62 
22           47 
24         100 
22           44 
24         104 
22           33 
24         107 

LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE:       PENNSYLVANIAN    STRUCTURE 

Table  31. — Continued 


159 


County 


Town  or  farm 

name  and  well 

number 


Location 
Sec.     T.     R. 


Altitude 

above 
sea  level 


DeWitt.  .. 
Douglas .  . 

Edgar 

Effingham 

Hamilton. 

Lawrence. 


Edwards  No.  15. .  .    7     6N  13W 


Newlin 


Cochran  No.  9. .  . . 

Parker,  W.  No.  7. . 
SilerNo.  4 

Farmer  City 

Tuscola 

Hildreth 

Edgewood 

Effingham 

Delafield 

Elm  Grove 

Wood  No.  13 

Robinson , 

WilleyNo.  4 

Pepple   No.   7 

Boyd   No.    11 

McCleave   No.   4.. 

Perkins  No.  17. ., 
CummingsNo  12. 
Gray   No.    2 


McPherson  No.  3 
Tracy  Heirs  No.  1 . 
McPherson  No.  4 
N.  Tracy  No.  2... 
Kirkwood  No.  7 .  . 
Snyder  No.   7 

Seed  No.   3 

Seed  No.  1 

McOrr  No.  1 

Laughlin  No.   1 .  . 

Fyffe  No.  7 

Ridgely  No.  1.  .  . . 
Collison   No.   2. . . 


27     6N  13W 


21     5N  11W 


5N  12W 
5N  12W 


4  16N  13W 


4S  5E 
4S  6E 
4N  12W 
4N  12W 
4N  12W 
4N  12W 
4N  12W 
4N  12W 


32     4N  12W 

6  3N  12W 

7  3N  12W 


3N  12W 
3N  12W 
3N  12W 
3N  12W 
3N  12W 
3N  12W 

3N  12W 
3N  12W 
3N  12W 
3N  12W 
3N  13W 
2N  12W 
2N  12W 


Feet 
485s 


498 


555 
495f 


750£ 


450a 
410a 
430 
415 
517 
430 
452 
520 

479 
516 
495 

429 

455 
425 
425a 
435 
495 

513 
476 
503 
469 
520 
471 
423 


Reference 


Geol. 
Survey 

of 

Illinois 

Vol.  Page 


111.  State 

Geol. 

Survey 

Bull.      Page 


VII  16 
VIII  25 

VII  33 
VIII  55 


22 

35 

24 

109 

22 

38 

24 

114 

22 

51 

24 

116 

33 

111 

22 

41 

24 

96 

16 


124 


16 

93 

16 

94 

22 

79 

33 

112 

22 

76 

22 

77 

22 

119 

22 

71 

24 

118 

22 

121 

22 

70 

22 

63 

24 

123 

22 

67 

22 

134 

22 

68 

33 

154 

22 

69 

22 

55 

24 

129 

22 

61 

22 

132 

22 

131 

22 

54 

16 

86 

24 

135 

33 

150 

160 


YEARBOOK  FOR  1916 


Table  31 — Concluded 


County- 


Town  or  farm 

name  and  well 

number 


Location 
Sec.     T.    R. 


Altitude 

above 
sea  level 


Reference 


Geol. 
Survey 

of 

Illinois 

Vol.  Page 


111.  State 

Geol. 

Survey 

Bull.      Page 


Livingston, 


Macon. 


Marion. . 

McLean . 

Piatt 

Richland 


Vermilion^. 


Chatsworth 

Cullom 

Fairbury 

Pontiac 

Saunemin 

Strawn , 

Decatur 

Macon 

Niantic 

luka    (Williams) 

Iuka    (Wood- 
bridge  ) 

Bloomington.  . .  . 

Cerro  Gordo. . . . 

Claremont    (5 
miles  S.) 

Olney 

Sidell 


Feet 


15N  2E 

2N  3E 

2N  4E 

17N  4E 

3N  14W 

3N   10E 

17N  13W 


727« 
540£ 
540s 
680a 

502 

480a 
650a 


VI 

243 

VIII 

29 

VI 

242 

VI 

241 

VIII 

31 

VIII 

30 

VIII 

48 

VII 

17 

VII 

193 

VII 

19 

IV 

185 

VII 

8 

16  119 

16  78 

16  79 

16  121 


16 
16 
16 


82 

81 

124 


a  Estimated. 

b  Records  of  borings  within  the  areas  described  in  the  various  bulletins  of  the 
Illinois   Cooperative  Mining  Investigations  in   general  not  included. 

INTERPRETATION  OF  THE  STRUCTURE  MAP  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIAN  SYSTEM 

PRELIMINARY    STATEMENT 

A  number  of  features  of  interest  are  found  on  the  structure  map  of 
the  Pennsylvanian  system  to  which  special  attention  may  well  be  directed 
These  are :  (1)  The  absence  of  Pennsylvanian  strata  along  the  crest  of  the 
anticline  in  Champaign  and  Douglas  counties;  (2)  the  apparent  overlap 
of  the  Carbondale  and  McLeansboro  formations  beyond  the  boundary  of 
the  No.  2  coal  basin  in  Edgar,  Clark  and  possibly  in  Vermilion  and 
Champaign  counties  ;  (3)  the  variations  in  the  strength  of  the  deformations 
as  indicated  by  the  undulations  in  the  crest  of  the  anticline;  and  (4) 
the  variations  in  the  depth  of  the  trough  paralleling  the  crest,  producing  a 
succession  of  deep  basins  and  intervening  saddles  which  lie  opposite  the 
undulations  of  the  crest  of  the  fold.  These  various  features  of  the  de- 
formation will  be  considered  in  order. 


... 


:    ■ 


LA    SALLE    ANTICLINE:        PENNSYLVANIAN    STRUCTURE 


161 


(1)    PBE-PENNSYLVANIAN     INLIER     IN     CHAMPAIGN     AND     DOUGLAS     COUNTIES 

The  map  shows  the  outcrop  of  No.  2  coal  passing  south  across  the 
east  side  of  Livingston  County  and  thence  swinging  slightly  to  the  west 
across  Ford  County  whence  it  partially  surrounds  an  area  in  Champaign 
and  Douglas  counties  lying  along  the  axis  of  the  fold.  Finally  it  swings 
ofr  to  the  northeast  near  Paxton  in  Ford  County  crossing  the  southeast 
part  of  Iroquois  County  near  the  town  of  Milford.  There  is  no  definite 
evidence  that  the  "Coal  Measures"  are  absent  under  most  of  Ford  County 
as  indicated,  but  it  is  believed  that  if  they  are  present  they  are  probably 
thin  and  the  absence  of  workable  coal  is  strongly  suspected.  Chatsworth 
is  known  to  be  near  the  outcrop  of  No.  2  coal  and  at  Strawn,  a  coal 
probably  No.  2,  lies  at  a  depth  of  only  about  110  feet.  The  fact  that 
a  preglacial  valley  extends  northward  through  Champaign  County  to- 
gether with  the  shallowness  of  the  "Coal  Measures"  in  adjacent  parts 
of  Livingston  County,  gives  some  basis  for  suspecting  the  absence  of 
Pennsylvanian  strata  through  the  southern  part  of  Ford  County  as  well 
as  along  the  crest  of  the  anticline  in  Champaign  and  Douglas  counties. 

The  absence  of  Pennsylvanian  strata  along  the  crest  of  the  anticline 
is  determined  by  wells  at  Mahomet,  Champaign,  and  Pesotum  in  Cham- 
paign County,  and  at  Tuscola  and  Camargo  in  Douglas  County.  In  the 
records  of  none  of  these  wells  is  there  coal  reported  and  the  records  of 
some  of  them  indicate  the  entire  absence  of  strata  of  Pennsylvanian  age. 
The  first  indurated  rock  encountered  varies  in  age  from  Upper  Devonian 
black  shale  in  the  wells  at  Mahomet  to  Mississippian  limestone  in  the 
wells  in  Douglas  County  (see  Plate  IV).  The  depth  to  the  rock  at  var- 
ious places  in  this  area,  its  altitude  and  age  are  shown  in  the  following 
table. 


Table  32. — Depth  and  altitude  of  the  rock  surface  and  the  age  of  the  oed  rock 
at  various  places  in   Champaign  and  Douglas   counties 


Rock 

surface 

Location 

Depth 

Altitude 

Age  of  bed  rock 

Champaign   County 

Champaign 

Mahomet 

Pesotum 

Douglas  County 

Tuscola 

Camargo 

Feet 
253 
329 
300 

294  ? 

Feet 

487a 

380 
420a 

? 

Pennsylvanian    (?) 
Upper  Devonian 
Mississippian     (?) 
limestone 

Upper  Devonian    (?) 
Upper    Devonian    at 

570 

Estimated. 


162  YEAEBOOK   FOR   1916 

In  view  of  the  great  depth  of  the  pre-glacial  valley  in  Champaign 
County  it  is  apparent  that  the  entire  absence  in  places  of  Pennsylvanian 
strata  across  the  anticline  is  largely  due  to  erosion,  and  that  the  outcrop 
of  the  system  can  be  only  approximately  indicated  so  long  as  the  topog- 
raphy of  the  rock  surface  remains  largely  unknown.  But  even  were  only 
about  300  feet  of  Pennsylvanian  strata  present,  instead  of  drift,  this 
would  represent  a  considerable  thinning  of  the  coal-bearing  rocks  as 
compared  with  their  thickness  in  the  trough  west  of  the  anticline. 

From  Tolono  southward  along  the  axis  of  the  anticline  the  drift 
seems  to  be  underlain  by  a  series  of  sandy  shales  and  sandstones  overlying 
Devonian  or  Mississippian  shale  or  limestone.  These  siliceous  beds  ap- 
parently do  not  contain  coal  seams,  and  their  age  is  uncertain.  In  the  "oil 
well"  at  Tolono,1  these  beds  seem  to  begin  at  a  depth  of  about  285  feet 
with  their  lower  extension  poorly  defined.  Similar  beds  are  reported  to 
be  present  in  wells  near  Tuscola  and  Camargo.  Their  possible  signifi- 
cance will  be  considered  in  a  later  paragraph. 

The  height  of  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  surface  along  this  belt  is 
specially  noteworthy  in  view  of  the  regional  southward  dip  of  all  strata 
from  the  edge  of  the  coal  basin.  The  altitude  of  the  Devonian  shale  at 
Mahomet  is  about  400  feet  above  sea  level,  only  about  200  feet  below  the 
altitude  of  the  base  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system  along  the  crest  of  the 
anticline  in  the  La  Salle  region.  In  view  of  this  consideration  and  others 
to  be  presented  in  following  paragraphs  it  does  not  seem  improbable  that 
the  pre-Pennsylvanian  surface  stood  sufficiently  high  along  the  axis  of 
the  anticline  until  possibly  as  late  as  early  Carbondale  time  to  prevent 
sedimentation  upon  it.  It  is  thought  that  the  anticline  may  have 
determined  the  position  of  an  elongated  island  during  early  Pennsyl- 
vanian time,  which  later  became  gradually  submerged  as  a  result  of  con- 
tinuous or  periodic  subsidence  during  Carbondale  and  McLeansboro 
deposition. 

(2)     THE    AREA    OF    PENNSYLVANIAN    OVERLAP    IN    VERMILION,    EDGAR,    CHAMPAIGN, 
AND    DOUGLA.S     COUNTIES 

Bordering  the  area  wherein  the  Pennsylvanian  strata  are  absent  or 
largely  eroded  as  described  in  preceding  paragraphs  and  as  shown  on 
the  map  (PI.  VIII)  the  Pennsylvanian  system  extends  with  increasing 
thickness  to  the  east,  south,  and  west.  The  increase  in  thickness  to  the 
west  is  apparently  very  abrupt  and  its  nature  largely  indeterminable. 
To  the  east,  however,  and  south  along  the  axis  of  the  anticline,  the  thick- 
ening is  sufficiently  gradual  so  that  even  scattered  drilling  gives  some 
indication  of  the  nature  of  the  change  in  the  succession.  Most  note- 
worthy in  this  connection  are  changes  toward  the  State  line  as  described 
in  the  next  paragraph. 


111.    State    Geol.    Survey    Bull.    16,    p.    123,    1910. 


LA  saixe  anticline:     pennsylvanian   structure  163 

Investigations  have  shown  that  in  Vermilion  County  No.  6  coal  dips 
west  about  20  feet  per  mile  between  the  Himrod  mine,  sec.  10,  T.  18  N., 
R.  11  W.,  and  Sidell.1  The  coal  at  the  former  place  has  an  altitude  of 
575  feet  and  at  the  latter  225  feet  above  sea  level.  Drill  records  show  that 
whereas  the  coal  dips  west  in  Vermilion  County  the  pre-Pennsylvanian 
surface  is  approximately  horizontal,  effecting  therefore  a  pinching  out  of 
the  lower  Pennsylvanian  system  in  that  direction.  The  edges  of  the 
pre-Pennsylvanian  strata,  however,  are  truncated  by  the  surface  upon 
which  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  lie,  since  the  older  rocks  dip  to  the  east. 
For  instance,  the  Devonian  strata  dip  eastward  from  Pesotum  to  the 
State  line  from  an  altitude  of  about  400  feet  above  sea  level  to  an  alti- 
tude of  about  300  feet  below  sea  level.  This  structural  dip  of  the  pre- 
Pennsylvanian  strata  to  a  certain  extent  apparently  effects  a  rise  of  the 
pre-Pennsylvanian  surface  toward  the  crest  of  the  anticline,  since  this 
is  about  300  feet  higher  at  Pesotum  than  in  the  southwest  part  of  Ver- 
milion County.  Since  the  Pennsylvanian  strata  pinch  out  below  No.  6 
coal  in  Vermilion  County  where  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  surface  is  essen- 
tially horizontal,  there  is  good  reason  for  arguing  for  a  continuation  of 
such  thinning  still  farther  to  the  east  against  a  rising  surface. 

The  overlap  or  extension  of  No.  6  coal  beyond  the  edge  of  the  basin 
in  which  No.  2  coal  was  deposited  seems  to  be  established  by  the  strati- 
graphic  relations  known  to  exist  in  Vermilion  County  as  described  above. 
That  only  one  coal — a  relatively  thick  one,  probably  correctly  correlated  as 
No.  6  or  No.  7 — is  found  west  of  Vermilion  and  Edgar  counties,  is  indi- 
cated by  scattered  drilling  and  rumors  of  the  occurrence  of  such  a  coal  at 
various  places  in  Champaign  and  Douglas  counties.  For  instance,  such  a 
bed  is  reported  to  have  been  discovered  at  Urbana2 ;  borings  at  Rantoul 
are  said  to  have  found  at  one  place  a  nine-foot  bed  of  coal  at  a  depth  of 
120  feet,  and  the  same  seam  was  found  at  another  place  near  by  at  a 
depth  of  160  feet.2  At  Sidney  6  feet  of  coal  are  reported  to  have  been 
found  at  a  depth  of  250  feet.3  In  Douglas  County  7  feet  of  coal  were 
reported  found  in  a  well  on  the  Helm  farm  2  miles  west  and  1  mile  north 
of  Murdock  at  a  depth  of  316  feet.  On  the  Henson  farm  near  Villa  Grove 
(SE.  cor.  of  the  NW.  y4  sec.  11,  T.  16  N.,  R.  9  E.)  five  feet  of  coal  was 
struck  at  a  depth  of  225  feet,  with  red  shale  probably  of  pre-Pennsylvan- 
ian age  at  570  feet.    West  of  Oakland  in  sec.  8,  T.  14  N.,  R.  10  E.,  4  feet  of 


1Kay,    F.    H.,    and    White,    K.    D.,    Coal    resources    of    District    VIII    (Danville) 
111.    Coal    Mining-   Investigations   Bull.    14,    PI.    II,    1915. 
2Geol.    Survey    of    111.    Vol.     IV,     p.     274,     1870. 
3Ceol.    Survey    of    111.,    Vol.    VIII,    p.    27,    1S90. 


164  YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 

coal  was  struck  at  a  depth  of  270  feet.  The  depth  at  which  the  thick  coal 
is  found  in  the  various  wells  leaves  a  relatively  srhall  interval  between 
this  coal  and  the  base  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system,  so  that  it  seems 
probable  either  that  there  has  been  elision  of  some  of  the  lower  part  of 
the  Pennsylvanian  system  as  found  farther  east  and  also  to  the  west 
of  the  anticline,  or  that  a  notable  thinning  of  the  constituent  members  of 
the  formations  has  taken  place.  As  further  evidence  of  overlap,  the 
presence  of  a  considerable  thickness  of  siliceous  strata  possibly  of  Penn- 
sylvanian age  lying  across  the  position  of  the  anticline  in  Douglas  County 
may  be  cited.  These  possibly  represent  the  shore  phase  of  beds  else- 
where represented  by  strata  carrying  coal  and  limestone. 

The  eastward  thickening  of  the  "Coal  Measures"  away  from  the 
anticline  persists  southward  through  Edgar  County,  as  drill  holes  in 
Range  11  West  commonly  penetrate  500  to  600  feet  of  Pennsylvanian 
strata  and  numerous  beds  of  coal,  whereas  a  similar  section  seems  to  be 
absent  in  western  Edgar  County.  The  way  in  which  the  coals  play  out 
toward  the  west  is  indicated  by  data  tabulated  in  Bulletin  14  of  the 
Illinois  Coal  Mining  Investigations1  showing  the  drill  records  for  the 
coal  in  Edgar  County.  The  table  shows  that  in  several  holes  in  Range  11 
West  as  many  as  9  coals  have  been  penetrated,  whereas  in  two  holes  in 
Range  13  West  only  3  coals  were  penetrated  in  a  depth  of  540  feet. 
Other  drilling  seems  to  indicate  a  greater  proportion  of  clastic  material 
near  the  anticline  than  toward  the  Indiana  line.  It  may  be  suggested 
that  this  development  of  sandstones  and  sandy  shales  along  the  anticline 
is  possibly  as  effective  in  producing  oil  and  gas  reservoirs  as  is  the  de- 
formation of  the  rocks,  which  seems  to  have  been  slight. 

Southward  along  the  anticline  there  is  a  thickening  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vanian system  similar  to  that  which  takes  place  to  the  east,  and  further- 
more No.  2  coal  as  well  as  No.  6  is  present  in  the  section.  Accordingly, 
in  northern  Crawford  County  the  Pennsylvanian  strata  are  coal  bearing 
to  a  depth  of  nearly  900  feet,  with  No.  6  coal  commonly  at  a  depth  be- 
tween 500  and  600  feet  and  No.  2  coal  about  300  feet  lower.  The  base 
of  the  Pennsylvanian  is  reached  at  a  depth  of  about  1,200  feet  in  northern 
Crawford  County,  whereas  northward  along  the  anticline  in  northern 
Clark  County  the  base  of  the  Pennsylvanian  is  reached  at  a  depth  of  about 
600  feet.  It  is  believed  that  the  considerable  thickening  that  takes  place 
in  the  Pennsylvanian  rocks  southward  along  the  crest  of  the  anticline  is 
of  a  similar  nature  to  that  taking  place  eastward  in  Vermilion  County  as 
explained  in   a  preceding  paragraph,   and  that   it   indicates   progressive 


1  Kay,    F.    H.    and   "White,    K.    D.,    Coal    resources    of   District    VIII    (Danville) : 
111.   Coal  Mining-  Investigations   Bull.    14,   p.   33,    1915. 


LA  SALLE  ANTICLINE:       PENNSYLVANIAN   STRUCTURE  165 

overlap  of  Pennsylvanian  strata  upon  the    pre-Pennsylvanian     surface 
which  had  been  elevated  along  the  anticline. 

If  overlap  took  place  from  the  south  and  east  it  also  probably  took 
place  from  the  west,  but  evidence  of  this  is  essentially  lacking.  There  is 
some  suggestion  in  the  records  of  wells  drilled  near  Mattoon  and 
Charleston  in  Coles  County  that  the  interval  between  No.  G  coal  and  the 
base  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system  is  less  than  the  interval  the  combined 
thickness  of  the  Carbondale  and  Potts ville  sediments  commonly  calls 
for.  No.  6  coal  lies  at  a  great  depth  in  the  trough  of  the  fold  in  Moultrie 
and  Coles  counties ;  for  instance,  the  depth  of  the  coal  at  Lovington  is 
900  feet,  which  is  also  about  its  depth  at  Mattoon.  A  drill  record  of  a 
hole  bored  near  Mattoon  notes  the  presence  of  this  coal  and  of  a  lime- 
stone, below  a  considerable  thickness  of  sandstone  and  sandy  shale  un- 
derlying the  coal,  at  a  depth  of  1,177  feet.  There  is  a  possibility  that 
this  limestone  is  of  Mississippian  age.  A  similar  succession  was  met  with 
in  a  drill  hole  located  between  Charleston  and  Mattoon  which  penetrated 
still  deeper  without  finding  any  coal  beds  below  a  depth  of  900  feet. 
The  possible  absence  of  No.  2  coal  is  therefore  suggestive  of  overlap 
toward  the  anticline  from  the  west  also. 

(3)     UNDULATIONS     IN     THE     CREST     OF     THE     FOLD 

The  structure  map  shows  three  positions  where  conspicuous  displace- 
ment has  taken  place  across  the  anticline  and  two  intervening  positions  of 
slight  displacement.  The  strata  have  been  more  strongly  folded  in  La 
Salle,  Champaign,  and  in  Lawrence  counties,  and  less  strongly  folded  in 
Livingston  and  Crawford  counties. 

The  weak  structure  in  Livingston  County  is  apparent  from  the  ap- 
proximate horizontal  position  of  No.  2  coal  across  the  anticline.  This 
relationship  will  be  discussed  further  in  considering  certain  features  of 
the  trough  west  of  the  fold.  The  evidence  of  weakness  of  the  structure 
in  Cumberland  and  Crawford  counties  is  also  determined  by  the  altitude 
of  No.  2  coal  either  side  of  the  anticline.  In  Crawford  County  No.  6  coal 
lies  nearly  horizontal  at  about  sea  level.  This  is  only  about  100  feet 
higher  than  its  altitude  in  southern  Shelby  County,  and  apparently  indi- 
cates a  diminution  in  the  strength  of  the  folding. 

The  position  of  the  elevated  portions  along  the  crest  of  the  fold  has 
been  indicated.  The  height  of  the  deformation  can  readily  be  determined 
in  La  Salle  County  from  outcrops  along  Illinois  River.  The  general 
structural  features  of  that  region  have  already  been  described  at  length. 
The  determination  of  the  full  extent  of  Pennsylvanian  deformation  in 
Champaign  and  Douglas  counties  is  not  possible  because  of  the  absence 
of  the  "Coal  Measures"  across  the  axis  of  the  fold.    The  difference  in  the 


166  YEARBOOK  FOR   1916 

altitude  of  the  bed  rock  along  the  anticline  as  at  Mahomet  and  of  No.  2 
coal1  at  'Mofiticello  is  at  least  as  much  as  500  to  550  feet,  a  figure  which 
represents  the  minimum  amount  of  deformation  of  Pennsylvanian  strata 
possible  to  postulate,  provided  No.  2  coal  was  ever  deposited  across  the 
anticline  in  this  area.  If  overlap  took  place  and  the  deformation  is  to 
be  measured  by  comparative  altitudes  of  No.  6  coal,  and  the  coal  under- 
lying parts  of  Champaign  County  is  conceded  to  lie  at  about  the  horizon 
of  No.  6  coal,  then  the  displacement  amounts  to  about  400  to  450  feet. 
It  is  not  improbable  that  in  this  area  just  as  in  the  La  Salle  region  some 
deformation  took  place  during  Carbondale  time,  that  is,  between  the  de- 
position of  No.  2  and  No.  6  coals  so  that  the  structure  of  No.  6  coal  is  not 
a  true  measure  of  the  total  amount  of  deformation' during  Pennsylvanian 
time.  The  structure  in  Lawrence  County  can  be  better  described  in  con- 
nection with  the  description  of  the  structure  of  the  trough  west  of  the 
fold  which  is  to  follow.  A 

(4)     VARIATIONS    IN    THE    DEPTH    OF    THE    TROUGH 

The  trough  west  of  the  anticline  is  characterized  by  irregularities  in 
depth  which  parallel  the  undulations  of  the  crest  line  of  the  fold.  These 
irregularities  produce  three  deep  basins  and  two  intermediate  saddles. 
The  basins  lie  in  (1)  La  Salle,  (2)  Shelby  and  Moultrie,  and  (3) 
Wayne  counties,  and  the  saddles  in  (1)  Woodford  and  (2)  Shelby  and 
Cumberland  counties. 

The  basin  in  the  La  Salle  region  has  been  adequately  described  and 
delineated  by  a  structure  map  in  Illinois  Coal  Mining  Investigations 
Bulletin  10  which  describes  the  geology  of  the  Pennsylvanian  strata  in 
the  Longwall  District.  The  basin  is  very  definitely  indicated  by  the  dip 
of  No.  2  coal  toward  a  center  which  lies  about  at  Oglesby.  It  reaches 
a  depth  more  than  150  feet  below  the  height  of  the  saddle  between 
Minonk  and  Bloomington. 

The  characteristics  of  the  basin  in  Moultrie  and  Shelby  counties 
have  been  less  definitely  determined  than  those  of  the  one  to  the  north. 
The  central  part  of  this  basin  seems  to  include  the  area  in  which  the 
towns  of  Shelbyville,  Lovington,  Bourbon,  and  Mattoon  are  located,  that 
is  nearly  all  of  Moultrie  and  parts  of  Shelby  and  Coles  counties.  At 
Lovington  No.  6  coal  lies  at  a  depth  of  900  feet,  or  about  220  feet  below 
sea  level;  at  Shelbyville  the  same  coal  is  215  feet,  at  Mattoon  about 
200  feet  and  near  Bourbon  about  100  feet  below  sea  level.  This  basin 
shallows  rather  rapidly  to  the  north  and  northwest  as  No.  6  coal  is 
about  150  feet  above  sea  level  at  Decatur,  and  probably  about  40  feet 
above  sea  level  near  Cerro  Gordo.  The  rise  aldng  the  trough  of  the  fold 
northward  toward  Colfax  in  northeastern  McLean  County  is  relatively 
gentle.     At  this  latter  place  a  five-foot  bed  of  coal  which  is  probably 


LA  SALLE  ANTICLINE:       PENNSYLVANIAN   STRUCTURE  167 

either  No.  5,  6,  or  7  lies  about  343  feet  above  sea  level.  These  three 
coals  are  closely  associated  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  so  that 
the  figure  given  indicates  at  least  the  approximate  altitude  of  No.  6  coal. 

There  has  been  practically  no  exploration  of  the  Pennsylvanian 
strata  below  No.  6  coal  in  the  Moultrie  County  basin,  so  that  the  structure 
as  drawn,  indicating  No.  2  coal  as  lying  about  300  feet  below  No.  6 
coal  or  about  500  feet  below  sea  level  has  not  been  established  by  drilling. 
Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the  possibility  supported  by  the  re- 
sults of  drilling  near  Mattoon  and  Charleston,  that  near  the  anticline  the 
interval  between  No.  6  coal  and  the  Mississippian  rocks  may  be  much 
less  than  that  of  the  combined  thickness  of  the  Carbondale  and  Pottsville 
formations  in  the  central  part  of  the  State  commonly  calls  for.  Accord- 
ingly, it  may  be  that  the  Pottsville  formation  and  even  No.  2  coal  wedge 
out  against  the  pre-Pennsylvanian  strata  as  they  rise  toward  the  anticline. 

At  Saybrook  in  eastern  McLean  County  a  3-foot  bed  of  coal  lies  at 
an  altitude  of  about  200  feet  above  sea  level.  It  is  reported  to  be 
associated  with  black  slate  or  cannel  coal,  which  is  suggestive  of  corre- 
lation with  No.  5  coal  and  with  the  seam  mined  at  Colfax.  If  this 
correlation  is  correct  and  No.  2  coal  is  present  in  the  section  below, 
its  altitude  at  Saybrook  is  about  sea  level.  At  Farmer  City  a  coal 
correlated  with  No.  2  lies  at  an  altitude  of  about  50  feet  above  sea  level, 
and  a  coal  is  reported  at  Deland  at  about  the  same  altitude.  In  view  of 
these  facts  it  appears  that  there  may  be  a  small  basin  similar  to 
the  others  found  along  the  trough  west  of  the  anticline  the  center  of  which 
is  in  eastern  McLean  County.  If  such  a  basin  exists  the  saddle  between  it 
and  the  Moultrie  County  basin  lies  between  Deland  and  Monticello  where 
No.  2  coal  has  an  altitude  of  about  50  feet  above  sea  level. 

The  existence  of  the  Wayne  County  basin  is  indicated  by  drilling  at 
Olney,  Richland  County,  Sailor  Springs,  Clay  County  and  near  Goodland 
(T.  2  S.,  R.  6  E.),  Wayne  County.  At  Olney,  No.  6  coal  is  thought  to 
lie  at  a  depth  of  1,160  feet,  that  is,  660  feet  below  sea  level,  and  if  No.  2 
coal  is  present  300  feet  below,  it  lies  nearly  1,000  feet  below  sea  level.1 
This  is  approximately  the  altitude  determined  for  this  coal  in  a  boring 
in  southern  Wayne  County.  In  the  Sailor  Springs  well  the  horizon  of 
No.  6  coal  is  thought  to  be  at  a  depth  of  about  1,010  feet,  and  the  altitude 
of  No.  2  coal  about  the  same  as  at  Olney. 

The  amount  of  displacement  of  No.  6  and  No.  2  coals  across  the 
anticline  in  Lawrence  County  may  be  determined  by  comparing  the  alti- 
tude of  the  coal  as  determined  in  Lawrence  County  with  the  altitude  of 
the  coal  in  Wavne  County.     At  Lawrenceville,  No.  (5  coal  lies  about  SO 


1Blatchley,    R.    S.,   Illinois   oil    resources:    ill.    State    Geol.    Surv.    Bifll.    16,    p.    88, 
1910. 


168  YEAEBOOK  FOR  1916 

feet  below  sea  level  and  No.  2  coal  is  estimated  to  lie  about  320  feet 
lower.  In  discussing  the  structure  of  the  No.  6  coal  in  the  Sumner  and 
Vincennes  quadrangles,  Savage  and  Blatchley1  state  as  follows : 

"In  a  boring  near  the  middle  of  sec.  21,  T.  5  N.,  R.  11  W.,  three  miles 
southeast  of  Flat  Rock,  .  the  Herrin  coal  (No.  6)  was  encountered  at  an 
altitude  of  about  41  feet  below  sea  level.  In  another  boring  13  miles  south 
of  the  latter  and  3%  miles  south  of  Lawrenceville  in  the  NW.  ^4  sec.  25,  T. 
3  N.,  R.  12  W.,  this  coal  was  reached  at  an  elevation  39  feet  lower,  or  80  feet 
below  sea  level,  indicating  a  general  southward  dip  of  the  strata  between 
these  points  of  about  3  feet  to  the  mile. 

"In  a  boring  about  5  miles  west  and  5  miles  north  of  the  test  holes 
last  mentioned,  near  the  middle  of  sec.  31,  T.  4  N.,  R.  12  W.,  the  Herrin  coal 
was  found  at  an  altitude  of  about  10  feet  above  sea  level,  indicating  a  rise 
of  the  strata  toward  the  north  and  west  between  these  points.  Rocks  out- 
cropping at  the  surface  in  the  Sumner  and  Vincennes  quadrangles  indicate 
that  the  strata  are  more  or  less  undulating,  but  lie  nearly  level  across  the  north 
end  of  the  area,  and  that  they  have  a  general  southward  dip  of  a  few  feet 
per  mile,  as  above  indicated."2 

The  difference  in  the  altitude  of  the  No.  6  coal  across  the  anticline 
accordingly  appears  to  be  about  600  feet.  Surface  rocks  show  no  indi- 
cation of  such  a  dip,  as  the  same  formation  has  been  identified  by  Savage 
outcropping  at  Olney  and  at  Lawrenceville,  with  an  altitude  at  Olney 
somewhat  higher  than  that  at  Lawrenceville.  This  lack  of  parallelism 
between  the  upper  and  lower  members  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system  is  to 
be  explained  by  assuming  a  great  thickening  of  the  beds  as  they  enter  the 
trough  or  by  an  unconformity.  In  either  case  movement  along  the  fold 
must  essentially  have  ceased  before  the  end  of  Pennsylvanian  time. 

Further  evidence  of  lack  of  conformity  in  the  structure  of  the  upper 
and  lower  Pennsylvanian  beds  is  found  in  the  distribution  of  a  Fusulina- 
bearing  limestone  in  Coles  County.  Along  Embarrass  River  from 
Greenup  north  to  Charleston  there  are  reported  numerous  exposures  of 
this  limestone,  which  is  stratigraphically  high  in  the  Pennsylvanian  sys- 
tem of  Illinois.  The  Embarrass  River  runs  across  the  supposed  position 
of  the  axis  of  the  anticline  where  this  limestone  is  found,  and  if  the  en- 
tire thickness  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system  were  effected  by  the  deforma- 
tion, a  succession  of  strata  would  be  looked  for  and  not  a  continuation 
of  the  same  bed  at  approximately  the  same  altitude.  Except  for  a  single 
exposure  of  sandstone  in  sec.  25,  T.  12  N.,  R.  9  E.,  near  Charleston,  there 
is  no  evidence  of  unusual  structural  conditions  affecting  the  outcropping 
rocks  in  Coles  County. 


1  Savag-e,  T.  E.  and  Blatchley,  R.  S..  Geology  and  mineral  resources  of  the 
Sumner  and  Vincennes  quadrangles:  Unpublished  manuscript  in  the  files  of  the 
State  Geological   Survey. 

2  See  also  data  concerning  the  depth  of  coal  in  Crawford  and  Lawrence  coun- 
ties shown  in  Plate  III. 


LA  SALLE    ANTICLINE!       PENNSYLVANIA^    STRUCTURE 


169 


The  existence  of  the  saddles  between  the  basins  is  essentially  estab- 
lished by  the  evidence  which  establishes  the  existence  of  the  basin.  The 
shallowing  of  the  basin  in  Woodford  and  western  Livingston  counties  is 
indicated  by  the  northward  dip  of  the  coal  from  Minonk  and  its  south- 
ward dip  from  northern  McLean  County.  The  slight  difference  in  alti- 
tude of  the  coal  on  the  two  sides  of  the  main  fold  where  the  saddle  is 
highest  is  indicated  by  the  following  tabulated  data. 


Table  33. — Depth  and  altitude  of  No.  2  coal  at  several  localities  in  Woodford, 
McLean,  and  Livingston   counties 

Location 

East  or  west 

side  of 

anticline 

Depth  to  coal 

Altitude   of   coal 

Livingston  County 

Pairbury    

East 
East 

West 

West 
West 

Feet 
571 
368 

Not  below  47S 

500  Est. 

537 

Feet 
109  + 

Pontiac    

272  + 

McLean  County 

Chenoa    

242+ 

Woodford  County 

Eureka    

257+ 

Minonk    

214 

The  northward  dip  of  the  strata  from  this  saddle  is  born  out  by  the 
outcrops  along  Illinois  River  northward  from  Chillicothe.  At  this  place 
No.  6  coal  is  well  above  the  river,  but  there  is  a  persistent  dip  north 
which  brings  it  nearly  to  river  level  a  little  north  of  Sparland  and  to  well 
below  river  level  at  Bureau.  There  is  a  strong  suggestion  of  an  east- 
west  axis  of  uplift  crossing  a  large  portion  of  the  coal  basin  at  the 
latitude  of  this  saddle. 

The  saddle  lying  between  the  Moultrie  and  Wayne  County  basins 
extends  from  east  to  west  across  the  southern  part  of  Shelby  County. 
There  are  two  drill  holes  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county  in  which 
No.  6  coal  is  higher  than  at  Shelbyville.  In  sec.  24,  T.  10  N.,  R.  -1  E., 
the  coal  is  about  70  feet  higher  than  at  Shelbyville,1  although  if  regular 
dips  prevailed  it  would  be  somewhat  lower.  About  8T/2  miles  east  of  the 
last  mentioned  hole  there  is  another  in  which  the  horizon  of  No.  6  coal 
is  35  feet  higher  than  in  the  first. 


1  Kay,    F.   H„    Coal   resources   of  District   VII;    111.   Coal   Mining    Investigations 
Bull.   11,   p.   211,   1915. 


170  YExlKBOOK  FOR   1916 

The  altitude  of  the  coal  on  the  two  sides  of  the  anticline  at  the  po- 
sition of  the  saddle  in  Shelby  County  is  not  greatly  different.  In  northern 
Crawford  County  No.  2  coal  lies  about  300  feet  below  sea  level  (see 
Plate  III)  which  is  approximately  its  altitude  in  southeast  Shelby  County. 
It  seems- probable  that-  the  structure  across  the  lines  of  the  anticline  at 
the  position  of  this  shallow  place  in  the  trough  is  very  similar  to  the 
structure  across  the  fold  in  Woodford  and  southern  Livingston  counties. 


CHAPTER  V— INTERPRETATIVE  STUDIES 
Preliminary  Statement 

The  description  of  the  structure  of  the  anticline  has  been  presented, 
not  as  evidence  in  support  of  a  theory,  but  primarily  with  the  purpose  of 
assembling  the  available  information  concerning  the  form  and  position  of 
the  anticline.  In  order  to  make  the  description  something  more  than  a 
catalog  of  structural  details  some  attempt  to  organize  the  material  seems 
called  for.  Accordingly  the  following  interpretative  studies  are  pre- 
sented. 

The  interpretation  of  the  structure  described  is  undertaken  from  two 
points  of  view.  The  deformative  movements  are  considered  first  as  his- 
torical events,  and  their  order  and  relationship  in  time  are  suggested. 
Secondly  the  form,  position,  and  development  of  the  deformation  are  con- 
sidered from  the  view-point  of  earth  dynamics.  Other  points  of  view 
are  conceivable,  especially  those  which  concern  the  stratigraphy  and 
paleogeography,  but  the  data  bearing  on  these  latter  have  not  been  as- 
sembled. 

History  of  the  Deformation  as  Determined  by  Structural 
Relationships 

In  considering  the  development  of  the  structures  as  an  historical 
event  or  series  of  events,  a  knowledge  of  the  structural  relationships  of 
the  several  formations  involved  is  of  the  greatest  importance.  Without 
more  complete  stratigraphic  data  than  have  been  presented,  the  story  is 
incomplete,  but  the  structural  relationships  as  described  involve  certain 
conclusions  in  regard  to  the  order  of  events  which  will  limit  hypotheses  if 
ever  the  stratigraphic  problem  is  considered  more  exclusively.  The  re- 
lationships determined  that  have  bearing  on  the  problem  are : 

1.  Structural  unconformity  between  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  and 
the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone. 

2.  Structural  unconformity  at  the  base  of  the  Chester  group. 

3.  Structural  unconformity  at  the  base  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system. 

4.  Structural  unconformities  within  the  Pennsylvanian  system. 

a.  Below  No.  2  coal. 

b.  Between  coals  No.  2  and  No.   7  and  between  No.  2  coal 

and   the   La   Salle   limestone.      These   two    may    actually 
be  one. 

c.  Non-parallelism  of  the  upper  and  lower  members  of   the 

Pennsylvanian  system  in  southeastern   Illinois. 

171 


172  YEARBOOK   FOR   1916 

5.  The  structural  relationship  of  the  La  Salle  limestone  and  No.  2 
coal,  especially  as  concerns  the  relation  between  the  strike  of  the  lime- 
stone and  the  strike  of  the  line  of  increased  dip  of  the  coal. 

6.  The  distribution  of  the  La  Salle  limestone  in  relation  to  the  an- 
ticline. 

The  historical  significance  of  these  various  structural  relationships 
may  be  briefly  summarized  without  argument. 

It  is  probable  that  movement  took  place  after  "Lower  Magnesian" 
time  and  before  the  deposition  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone.  It  is  not  de- 
termined, however,  that  the  deformation  was  restricted  to  the  axis  of  up- 
lift along  the  La  Salle  anticline  as  it  has  been  later  developed.  The  de- 
formation of  the  older  formations,  on  the  other  hand,  seems  to  have  been 
general  rather  than  local,  producing  warping  and  buckling  not  paral- 
leling the  main  axis  of  the  larger  and  later  deformation. 

Although  stratigraphic  unconformities  are  known  to  exist  between 
formations  included  in  the  great  series  and  systems  between  the  "Lower 
Magnesian"  limestone  and  the  Pennsylvanian  "Coal  Measures",  the  na- 
ture of  the  structural  relationships  is  for  the  most  part  a  stratigraphic 
rather  than  a  structural  problem,  involving  the  study  of  the  distribution 
and  extent  of  biologic  and  lithologic  provinces  in  relation  to  the  anticline. 
Such  structural  data  as  are  available  concerning  these  intermediate  forma- 
tions indicate  the  probability  of  a  slight  structural  unconformity  between 
the  Platteville  limestone  and  the  St.  Peter  sandstone,  and  between  the 
Maquoketa  formation  of  the  Richmond  group  and  the  overlying  rocks 
of  the  Silurian  system.  The  amount  of  movement  at  these  times  seems  to 
have  been  small,  and  seems  to  have  been  positive  rather  than  negative, 
but  the  outcrops  showing  these  structural  relations  are  all  on  the  east  side 
of  the  axis  or  along  the  crest  of  the  anticline,  and  possibly  are  not  pres- 
ent on  the  west  side.  Between  the  Silurian  and  Mississippian  systems, 
however,  there  are  significant  differences  in  structure,  and  differences  of 
nearly  the  same  order  and  character  are  apparently  present  between  the 
lower  Mississippian  groups  of  limestone  formations  and  the  Chester 
group,  composed  largely  of  clastic  formations. 

The  north  line  of  the  Chester  embayment  in  Illinois  is  shown  on  the 
accompanying  map  (PL  IX),  with  figures  showing  the  thickness  of  the 
group  near  the  boundary.  These  figures  indicate  a  very  rapid  thickening 
near  the  edge  of  the  basin,  and  the  relationships  are  such  as  to  compel 
the  belief  that  structural  unconformity  exists  between  the  pre-Chester 
and  Chester  strata.  This  information  anticipates  stratigraphic  studies, 
but  it  has  seemingly  such  an  important  bearing  on  the  development  of 
the  structure  that  it  cannot  well  be  passed  over  without  some  comment. 


•     . 


' 


.. 


' 


. 


LA  SALLE   ANTICLINE :       INTERPRETATIVE    STUDIES  173 

In  a  paper  read  before  Section  E  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science,  December  26,  1916,  Professor  Stuart 
Weller  described  the  pattern  of  the  Chester  embayment  as  compared  with 
the  pattern  of  the  older  embayments  as  follows : 

"The  geographic  pattern  produced  [by  the  Chester  embayment]  was  quite 
different  from  that  of  the  older  epochs.  During  the  earlier  times  the  sea 
generally  quite  surrounded  Ozarkia,  at  periods  of  maximum  advance,  or  even 
submerged  that  land  during  a  portion-  of  that  time.  Subsequent  to  Ste. 
Genevieve  time  the  Chester  sea,  spreading  away  to  the  south,  extended  north- 
ward only  to  the  southern  shores  of  Ozarkia  and  Cincinnatia.  So  far  as  sur- 
face outcrops  are  concerned  there  is  no  evidence  of  the  extension  of  the  Ches- 
ter sea  beyond  St.  Louis,  but  the  sediments  deposited  in  the  embayment  may 
extend  farther  north  in  a  northeast  direction  beneath  the  Pennsylvanian. 
It  can  be  stated  with  assurance,  however,  that  the  embayment  never  reached 
away  to  the  north  and  northwest  as  the  earlier  embayments  had  done. 

"The  type  of  sediments  deposited  in  the  Chester  embayment  are  wholly 
different  from  those  of"  earlier  periods.  The  earlier  formations  are  almost 
entirely  calcareous,  with  minor  amounts  of  shale  in  Keokuk,  Warsaw,  and 
higher  members  and  very  subordinate  amounts  of  arenaceous  material  in  the 
Ste.  Genevieve.  The  Chester  sediments  include  important  limestones,  most  of 
which  are  impure  and  highly  argillaceous,  many  beds  of  shale  and  a  number 
of  massive   sandstone   formations." 

It  is  believed  that  a  structure  map  based  upon  some  recognizable 
and  widespread  Chester  formation,  or  stratum,  would  furnish  definite 
proof  that  the  structure  of  these  rocks  differs  materially  from  the  struc- 
ture of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  and  that  of  No.  2  coal  as  presented  in  this 
description.  In  the  only  part  of  the  State  where  the  structure  of  the 
Chester  can  be  shown,  namely,  in  Lawrence  County,  it  is  impossible  to 
indicate  the  structure  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  because  of  lack  of  data, 
hence  the  comparison  suggested  is  impossible.  However,  that  a  struc- 
tural unconformity  exists  in  this  region  between  the  Chester  and  pre- 
Chester  formations  is  indicated  by  the  widening  interval  between  the 
McClosky  (Ste.  Genevieve)  formation  and  the  Kirk  wood  and  Tracy 
(Chester)  sandstones.  This  relationship  is  described  by  T.  E.  Savage 
in  an  unpublished  manuscript,  previously  cited,  describing  the  geology 
and  mineral  resources  of  Hardinville  quadrangle. 

In  view  of  the  existence  of  this  important  unconformity  between 
Chester  and  pre-Chester  formations  it  is  apparent  that  important  move- 
ments must  have  taken  place  just  before,  or  during,  Chester  sedimenta- 
tion. It  is  quite  probable  inasmuch  as  numerous  unconformable  con- 
tacts are  found  between  successive  members  of  the  Chester  group  that 
movements  were  numerous  during  Chester  time,  causing  great  variation 
from  time  to  time  in  the  size,  shape,  and  depth  of  the  basin. 

A  conspicuous  structural  unconformity  separates  the  Pennsylvanian 
strata  from   strata  of  pre-Pennsylvanian   age.     In   exposures  along  the 


17*  YEAEBOOK  FOR  1916 

northern  edge  of  the  coal  basin  this  unconformity  is  between  rocks  of 
Ordovician  and  Pennsylvanian  age  on  the  crest  of  the  fold,  and  between 
Silurian  or  even  Devonian  and  Pennsylvanian  strata  on  the  flanks  of  the 
fold.  At  La  Salle  outcrops  show  only  that  movement  took  place  after 
Galena  time  and  prior' to  Pennsylvanian  time.  From  the  fact  that  Silurian 
and  probably  Devonian  strata  of  average  thickness  are  found  in  the 
trough  immediately  adjacent  to  the  anticline  on  the  west,  it  may  be  in- 
ferred that  the  deformation  which  caused  the  unconformity  between  the 
Ordovician  and  Pennsylvanian  strata  in  exposures  at  Split  Rock,  Deer 
Park,  Lowell  and  elsewhere  took  place  between  Devonian  and  Penn- 
sylvanian time. 

As  the  anticline  is  traced  south  through  Livingston,  Champaign, 
Douglas,  and  other  counties  to  Lawrence  county,  younger  and  younger 
formations  come  in  on  the  crest  of  the  fold  below  the  Pennsylvanian 
strata  as  found  at  La  Salle,  with  Chester  rocks  finally  underlying  the 
Pennsylvanian  in  Crawford  and  Lawrence  counties.  The  structure  of 
the  Pennsylvanian  and  pre-Pennsylvanian  strata  is  unconformable  length- 
wise of  the  deformation,  and  the  most  significant  deformation  in  the 
section  seems  to  be  this  one  below  the  base  of  the  Pennsylvanian  system. 
It  does  not  appear,  however,  that  the  structural  discordance  between  the 
Pennsylvanian  and  Chester  strata  is  as  great  as  that  between  the  Penn- 
sylvanian and  Ordovician  formations  of  northern  Illinois,  probably  be- 
cause some  of  the  movement  causing  the  Pennsylvanian-Ordovician  un- 
conformity took  place  previous  to  or  during  Chester  time. 

From  the  structural  relationships  as  summarized,  therefore,  it  seems 
necessary  to  conclude  that  the  principal  pre-Pennsylvanian  deformation 
along  the  La  Salle  anticline  is  a  result  of  late  Paleozoic  movement  the 
greater  part  of  which  has  taken  place  since  the  end  of  early  Mississippian 
or  Ste.  Genevieve  time.  Part  of  this  movement  seems  to  be  of  Chester 
age,  but  a  large  part  is  post-Chester  although  pre-Pennsylvanian  or  at 
least  pre-Carbondale. 

Well  borings  indicate  that  this  pre-Pennsylvanian  unconformity  is 
probably  most  divergent  in  Champaign  and  Douglas  counties,  since  here 
apparently  the  deformation  was  of  sufficient  strength  to  produce  a  sur- 
face which  was  not  reduced  to  sea  level  or  deposition  level  during  Potts- 
ville  and  early  Carbondale  time.  The  relationships  in  these  counties  may 
signify  the  possible  continuation  of  the  upward  movement  during  early 
Pennsylvanian  time  rather  than  the  especially  high  elevation  at  an  earlier 
date. 

The  deformative  movements  producing  structural  unconformities 
within  the  Pennsylvanian  system  indicate  that  movements  took  place  dur- 
ing rather  than  after  this  period.     Near  La  Salle  there  are  evidences  of 


LA  SALLE   ANTICLINE :       INTERPRETATIVE    STUDIES  175 

structural  discordance  between  Carbondale  and  Pottsville  sediments,  as 
shown  by  the  outcrops  at  Split  Rock,  and  between  No.  2  and  No.  7  coals, 
as  indicated  by  the  difference  in  the  interval  between  these  two  horizons 
on  the  two  sides  of  the  anticline.  Lack  of  parallelism  of  No.  2  coal  and 
the  La  Salle  limestone  also  exists,  but  whether  or  not  all  discordance  in 
structure  that  exists  in  this  interval  is  due  to  the  unconformity  between 
No.  2  and  No.  7  coals  is  not  known.  A  curious  parallelism  as  between 
No.  2  coal  and  the  La  Salle  limestone  may  have  historical  significance. 
Along  a  line  approximately  parallel  to  the  strike  of  the  La  Salle  lime- 
stone and  approximately  below  its  outcrop  the  coal  changes  its  rate  of 
dip  10  degrees  or  more  and  its  direction  of  strike  to  correspond  to  that 
of  the  La  Salle  limestone.  The  relationships  are  such  as  to  suggest  that 
deformation  of  the  limestone  and  the  deformation  of  the  coal  along  the 
line  of  increased  dip  are  synchronous. 

The  history  of  the  deformation  in  La  Salle  County,  as  shown  by 
outcrops  and  drillings  is  apparently  about  as  follows : 

(1)  Deformation  of  the  "Lower  Magnesian".  This  deformation 
manifests  itself  in  structural  irregularities  of  a  small  scale,  such  as  small 
folds  in  the  Shakopee  member  of  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone 
which  apparently  do  not  pass  up  into  the  overlying  St.  Peter  sandstone. 
Deformations  of  a  larger  order  such  as  would  be  indicated  by  the 
irregularity  in  thickness  and  distribution  of  the  Shakopee  dolomite  over 
a  large  area  are  not  considered,  as  such  a  consideration  would  involve 
the  introduction  of  a  greater  amount  of  stratigraphic  evidence 
than  this  report  otherwise  calls  for.  It  may  be  stated  that  the  nature 
and  extent  of  this  pre-St.  Peter  deformation  has  not  been  determined 
with  as  great  care,  or  with  as  great  attention  to  details,  as  has  been  given 
to  the  later  deformations  and  it  is  possible  that  further  field  investiga- 
tions, specially  in  the  Dixon  region,  will  arrive  at  a  more  definite  inter- 
pretation of  the  stratigraphic  and  structural  relations  between  the  "Lower 
Magnesian"  limestone  and  the  overlying  sandstone. 

(2)  Slight  deformation  of  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  causing  an  un- 
conformity between  it  and  the  overlying  Platteville  dolomite.  This  de- 
formation seems  to  have  been  in  the  nature  of  a  gentle  up- warping  along 
the  axis  of  the  anticline,  across  the  top  and  along  the  flanks  of  which 
the  lower  beds  of  the  Platteville  formation  failed  of  deposition. 

(3)  Deformation  some  time  after  Silurian  and  probably  after  De- 
vonian deposition.  This  deformation  is  the  major  deformation  prior  to 
Pennsylvanian  time  and  probably  took  place,  judging  from  evidence  ob- 
served elsewhere,  as  late  as  late  Mississippian  time.  The  line  of  de- 
formation seems  to  have  been  at  the  position  of  the  increased  inclina- 
tion of  the   St.   Peter  sandstone  and   Platteville   dolomite  or  limestone 


176  yeaebook  for  1916 

as  displayed  at  Deer  Park  and  at  other  places  along  the  anticline.     The 
strata  probably  dipped  eastward  and  westward  from  this  line. 

(4)  Deformation  possibly  shortly  before  the  deposition  of  No.  2 
coal,  causing  the  unconformity  near  the  base  of  the  "Coal  Measures" 
as  displayed  at  Split  Rock. 

(5)  Deformation  after  the  deposition  of  No.  2  coal  and  before  the 
deposition  of  No.  7  coal.  This  deformation  apparently  took  place  along 
a  line  farther  east  than  the  axis  of  the  earlier  deformation,  and  there 
apparently  was  no  bending  at  the  position  of  earlier  folding.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  uplift  along  this  second  axis  was  continuous  at  intervals  during 
most  of  Carbondale  and  McLeansboro  time.  It  is  possible,  however,  that 
its  occurrence  is  indicated  by  the  deposition  of  a  massive  sandstone,  the 
Vermilionville,  lying  just  below  No.  7  coal  in  many  places  adjacent  to 
the  anticline.  Additional  stratigraphic  studies  are  necessary  in  order  to 
bear  out  the  possibility  of  this  relationship. 

(6)  Deformation  after  or  during  the  deposition  of  the  La  Salle 
limestone,  apparently  along  a  line  west  of  previous  deformation  and 
marked  by  the  position  of  the  line  of  increased  dip  of  No.  2  coal  in 
Black  Hollow  mine.  That  this  deformation  may  have  taken  place  while 
the  limestone  was  being  deposited  is  suggested  by  the  relationship  be- 
tween its  distribution  and  the  position  of  the  fold. 

Evidence  that  the  Pennsylvanian  deformation  was  essentially  accom- 
plished within  Pennsylvanian  time  is  at  hand  in  southern  Illinois.  In 
Coles,  Cumberland,  Jasper,  and  Lawrence  counties  outcropping  Penn- 
sylvanian strata  are  apparently  horizontal,  at  least  there  is  no  belt  of 
strongly  folded  rocks  such  as  may  be  observed  in  La  Salle  County. 
The  lower  Pennsylvanian  strata,  however,  have  been  folded,  as  indicated 
by  results  of  drilling.  If  this  relationship  exists,  it  is  hence  necessary  to 
believe,  that  folding  in  this  part  of  the  State  came  to  an  end  before  the 
close  of  Pennsylvanian  deposition.  The  highest  formation  in  the  La 
Salle  region  is  probably  considerably  below  outcropping  strata  in  the 
counties  mentioned  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State.  Accordingly 
it  is  possible  that  the  later  deformation  in  the  La  Salle  region  took  place 
also  entirely  within  Pennsylvanian  time,  and  that  it  is  not  a  post-Penn- 
sylvanian  deformation  as  has  been  commonly  stated. 

Stratigraphic  Problems 

Before  leaving  the  historical  interpretation  of  the  structure  it  will 
be  well  to  indicate  some  of  the  stratigraphic  problems  that  the  structural 
studies  have  suggested  as  concerning  the  history  of  the  deformation. 
These  are: 

1.  (a)  The  variation  in  thickness  and  lithology  of  the  "Lower 
Magnesian"  limestone.     The  formation  is  apparently  thicker  near  and 


LA  SALLE   ANTICLINE :       INTERPRETATIVE    STUDIES  177 

west  of  the  anticline  than  it  is  to  the  east,  (b)  The  distribution  of  the 
different  members  of  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  limestone,  especially  the 
Shakopee  dolomite  and  the  New  Richmond  sandstone.  The  latter  is  found 
in  a  large  area  lying  across  the  anticline. 

2.  The  nature  and  amount  of  unconformity  existing  between  the 
St.  Peter  sandstone  and  the  Platteville  dolomite ;  the  irregularity  between 
these  two  formations  produces  the  local  elision  of  what  seems  to  be  the 
"quarry"  bed  section  of  the  Platteville  of  southwestern  Wisconsin,  or 
the  "lower  buff"  beds  of  the  Beloit  section. 

3.  Preliminary  paleontological  investigations  by  T.  E.  Savage  have 
revealed  the  probability  of  a  faunal  barrier  between  a  province  of  Rich- 
mond strata  in  eastern  Illinois  and  Indiana  and  another  province  in  west- 
ern Illinois.  There  is  also  some  indication  of  a  westward  thinning 
of  the  formation  on  the  east  side  of  the  La  Salle  anticline. 
Further  investigation  may  prove  beyond  question  that  there  was 
deformation  along  the  fold  between  Middle  Ordovician  and  early  Silur- 
ian time,  possibly  at  the  time  of  the  deformations  in  Ohio,  Kentucky, 
and  Tennessee. 

4.  Investigations  concerning  the  relation  of  the  faunal  provinces 
of  the  Alexandrian  to  the  anticline. 

5.  The  structural  and  stratigraphic  basis  for  the  Kankakee  arch 
of  paleontologists  and  paleogeographers,  and  its  relation  to  the  La  Salle 
anticline,  with  which  it  apparently  lacks  structural  agreement. 

6.  The  structure  and  stratigraphy  of  the  Chester,  with  the  possi- 
bility of  making  a  structure  map  based  upon  the  altitude  of  a  traceable 
formation  which  will  show  the  nature  of  the  unconformity  between  it 
and  overlying  and  underlying  formations. 

7.  Stratigraphic  problems  of  the  "Coal  Measures"  that  may  have 
a  bearing  on  the  history  of  the  anticline  are  numerous ;  a  few  may  be 
suggested  as  follows : 

a.  Distribution    of    No.    2    coal    around    the    barren    area    in 

Champaign   and   Douglas    counties. 

b.  Investigation  of  the  apparent  relationship  of  the  deforma- 

tion to  the  distribution  of   No.   6  coal. 

c.  Distribution    and    origin    of    the    Vermilionville    sandstone 

in  relation  to  the  anticline. 

d.  The   relation   of   the   northern   Illinois    and    the    northern 

Indiana  portions  of   the   Eastern   Interior  coal   basin   to 
the  barren  area  in  Champaign  and  Douglas  counties. 

Some   Considerations   Concerning   the    Dynamics    of   the    Defor- 
mation 

The  circumstances  under  which  the  movements  have  taken  place. 
which  may  be  called  the  dynamics  of  the  deformation,  can  be  determined 


178  YEAEBOOK  FOE  1916 

within  rather  broad  limits.  Such  determinations  are  based  upon  con- 
clusions reached  in  the  historical  resume  just  preceding  and  also  upon 
field  observation  and  drilling. 

If  the  history  of  the  deformation  as  interpreted  from  the  structural 
relationships  is  correct,  then  it  seems  probable  that  the  forces  which 
produced  subsidence  of  the  Chester  and  Pennsylvanian  basins  also  pro- 
duced the  deformation  of  the  La  Salle  anticline.  It  seems  probable  also 
that  these  forces  were  of  the  same  ultimate  origin.  Of  the  contributing 
causes  of  the  two  movements,  the  most  effective  seem  to  have  been  those 
which  produced  subsidence,  since  a  much  larger  mass  was  involved  in 
subsidence  than  in  folding,  and  since  the  mass  involved  in  the  folding 
was  also  included  in  that  involved  in  subsidence.  It  may  be  questioned, 
therefore,  whether  the  thrusts  which  produced  the  folding  may  not  have 
had  their  origin  in  the  crustal  shortening  accompanying  subsidence 
rather  than  in  the  fundamental  adjustments  which  made  subsidence 
necessary. 

Evaluation  of  the  amount  of  shortening  possible  by  subsidence  indi- 
cates that  it  is  probably  only  one-tenth  to  one-twelfth  of  the  actual 
shortening  that  was  accomplished  by  the  folding.  The  greatest  possible 
amount  of  crustal  shortening  resulting  from  subsidence  across  the  coal 
basin  is  about  340  feet.  This  figure  is  determined  by  assuming  (1)  that 
the  basin  lies  between  Lat.  87°  W.  in  Montgomery  County,  Indiana,  and 
Lat.  91°  W.  in  Hancock  County,  Illinois,  which  is  approximately  2° 
V  48"  of  curvature  or  a  distance  of  209.124  miles,  and  (2)  that  by  the 
subsidence  all  curvature  is  eliminated.  Elimination  of  curvature  across 
an  arc  of  this  length  entail  a  maximum  subsidence  at  the  mid-point  of 
the  arc  of  1.4  miles.  Under  the  most  favorable  interpretation  of  the 
nature  of  the  structure  before  subsidence  the  actual  amount  of  depression 
in  the  central  part  of  the  basin  along  the  parallel  indicated  is  only  about 
y6  of  that  necessary  to  the  elimination  of  all  curvature  and  production 
of  the  maximum  amount  of  shortening  of  about  340  feet.  As  the  actual 
shortening  along  the  anticline  is  between  500  and  1,000  feet  it  seems 
improbable,  therefore,  that  subsidence  alone  was  a  competent  source  of 
the  thrusts  which  produced  the  La  Salle  anticline,  though  it  may  have 
been  a  minor  contributory  cause  of  the  folding. 

A  complete  analysis  of  the  causes  which  produced  the  La  Salle  anti- 
cline does  not  lie  within  the  province  of  this  discussion,  and  it  is  doubtful 
whether  with  the  information  yet  available  such  an  analysis  should  be  at- 
tempted. However,  it  is  believed  that  sufficient  emphasis  has  been  placed 
upon  what  is  believed  to  be  a  fundamental  relation  between  the  subsidence 
of  the  Chester  and  Pennsylvanian  basins  and  the  development  of  the  La 
Salle  anticline  to  modify  any  hypothesis  which  may  be  attempted  concern- 
ing the  origin  of  either  structure. 


LA    SALLE    ANTICLINE!        CONCLUSION  179 

The  position  of  the  anticline,  together  with  the  persistence  in  direc- 
tion of  alignment,  is  strongly  suggestive  of  an  initial  line  of  weakness  at 
the  position  of  the  fold  which  localized  the  response  to  thrust.  This  line 
of  initial  weakness  is  possibly  due  to  a  concealed  fault  line  which  may  be 
present  in  the  deeply  buried  rocks,  or  it  may  be  due  to  an  initial  slope 
of  deposition.  Stratigraphic  studies  will  possibly  show  that  the  forma- 
tions below  the  "Lower  Magnesian"  are  distributed  in  respect  to  north 
and  south  lines  of  deformation1,  and  accordingly  the  position  of  these 
formations  may  control  later  deformation. 

"The  general  occurrence  of  this  glauconiferous  zone  above  the  Jordan  in  the 
deep  wells  of  northern  Illinois  is  of  great  interest  to  me.  It  also  is  a  source  of 
much  satisfaction,  because  it  corroborates  the  paleogeographic  early  Ozarkian 
map  I  prepared  somewhat  more  than  a  year  ago.  On  this  map  I  showed  the  early 
Ozarkian  seas  as  invading  in  baylike  form  from  the  south  through  Illinois,  and 
as  limited  on  the  east  by  the  Kankakee  axis.  The  western  shore  of  the  bay 
was  and  is  yet  doubtful,  though  I  was  inclined  to  draw  it  to  the  east  of  the 
main  N.-S.  Ozark  axis.  At  its  northern  end  I  drew  the  bay  as  broken  into 
small  or  rather  narrow  inlets  extending  50  to  100  miles  or  more  into  Wiscon- 
sin. These  extensions  were  to  account  for  the  streaky  occurrence  or  linear 
arrangement  of  the  Mendota  dolomite.  That  this  arrangement  is  as  originally 
deposited  is  strongly  indicated  by  the  more  general  distribution  of  the  upper 
(Madison)  member  of  the  Lower  Ozarkian  in  Wisconsin." 

Furthermore,  the  offset  of  the  structure  in  Lawrence  and  Crawford  coun- 
ties, the  folds  diverging  from  the  main  axis,  seems  to  indicate  a  playing 
out  of  the  directing  factor  to  the  south,  which,  if  the  direction  of  the 
fold  is  controlled  by  faulting,  might  indicate  a  splitting  off  of  minor 
faults  such  as  commonly  occur  in  fault  zones. 

CONCLUSION 
In  conclusion  it  may  again  be  stated,  at  the  risk  of  much  repetition, 
that  the  preceding  pages  concern  primarily  a  description  of  the  form  and 
position  of  the  anticline,  with  brief  attempt  to  interpret  the  facts  assem- 
bled from  an  historical  and  from  a  dynamic  point  of  view.  By  no  means 
all  problems  involved  are  considered,  and  especially  are  many  of  the 
stratigraphic  questions  either  unconsidered  or  only  hinted  at.  But  the 
stratigraphic  and  structural  problems  are  not  all.  The  physiographic 
aspects  of  the  anticline  present  numerous  interesting  considerations, 
such  as  the  relation  of  the  anticline  to  glaciation ;  and  the  interpretation 
of  certain  interesting  drainage  adjustments  of  streams  crossing  the  belt 
of  steeply  inclined  strata.  There  is  also  apparently  some  possible  relation 
between  the  anticline  and  the  distribution  of  areas  of  dolomitization  of  the 
Platteville  limestone.  Accordingly,  therefore,  many  considerations  other 
than  that  of  the  structural  features  of  the  anticline  remain  as  subjects 
for  further  investigations. 


Letter  from   E.   O.   Ulrich   to   F.   W.   DeWolf,    March    2.    1916. 


INDEX 


A 

PAGE 

Agricultural    production 21 

Aleshire    pool,    oil    development 

in    36 

Alexandrian     system,     relation- 
ship of  to  La  Salle  anticline     177 
Allendale  pool,  oil  development 

in    .'.' 34 

relationship    of    to    La    Salle 

anticline  134,  136 

Analyses  of  clay  near  Mt.  Glen       76 

glass  sand 56 

Asphalt,    production    of 38 

Aurora-Pawpaw     syncline,     see 

Pawpaw-Aurora  syncline 
Aurora,  synclinal  structure  near     132 
Aux   Sable   Creek,   structure   of 
Platteville-Galena  limestone 
along   115 

B 

Batavia,  Maquoketa  shale  near. 

108,  132 

Bausch,  Frederick  E.,  clay  mine 

of 82-83 

Bibliography  of  the  mineral  in- 
dustries  65-70 

Birds    pool,    relationship    of    to 

La  Salle  anticline   136 

Birds  quadrangle,  structure  of. 

138-139 

Black  Hollow  mine,  structure  of 

No.  2  coal  in 143-145 

Boone  County,  drilling  in 120 

Bourbon,  depth  of  No.  6  coal  at     166 

Brick,  production  of 41 

Buffalo  Rock,  structure  of 
Platteville-Galena  limestone 
near    115 

Bureau  County,  drilling  in 120 

Pennsylvanian  strata  in 142 

structural  basin  in 128-129 

Bureau  of  information 15 

Burlington,    structural    basin 

near    128 


C 

PAGE 

Calhoun  County,  drilling  in. . .  .     120 
Camargo,    absence    of    Pennsyl- 
vanian  strata  at 161,  162 

Cannel  coal  at  Saybrook 167 

Carbondale    formation,    overlap 

of  along  La  Salle  anticline     160 
structural  unconformities   be- 
low and  in    175,  176 

Carlinville  pool,  oil  development 

in    35 

Carroll   County,   drilling   in 120 

Cass  County,  drilling  in 120 

Cement,  bibliography  of 68-69 

production  of   47,  50-51 

Ceramic     Engineering     Depart- 
ment,   work    of 73-77 

Cerro  Gordo,  depth  of  No.  6  coal 

at    166 

Champaign,    absence     of    Penn- 
sylvanian strata  at 143,  161 

Champaign   County,    amount   of 

deformation  in 166 

absence    of   Pennsylvanian 

strata  in 143,  160,  161-162 

drilling  in    120,  158 

pitch  of  La  Salle  anticline  in     128 
possible  presence  of  No.  6  coal 

in  163 

pre-glacial  valley  in 161 

P  r  e-Pennsylvanian     deforma- 
tion in   174 

problematic     distribution     of 

No.   2  coal  in 161,  177 

structure   in    129,  141 

thickness  of  drift  in 143 

Charleston,  limestone  exposures 

near    168 

possible  absence  of  No.  2  coal 

near  165 

thickness     of     Pennsylvanian 

strata  at 165 

Chatsworth,   outcrop    of    No.     2 

coal  near 161 

Chester     embayment,     extent 

of    172-173 


(181) 


182                                                       INDEX- 

Continued 

PAGE 

PAGE 

Chester    group,    structural    and 

weakness  of  anticlinal  struc- 

stratigraphic problems  con- 

ture in 

165 

cerning    

177 

Cumberland  County,  drilling  in 
oil  development  in 

"m 

structural  relationships  of.. 91, 

173 

34 

Chicago  Portland  Cement  Com- 

structure in 165, 

166 

pany's      quarry,      structure 

of  La  Salle  limestone  in.  . . . 

153 

D 

Chillicothe,  structure  near 

Clark  County,  depth  of  base  of 
Pennsylvanian  in  

169 

164 

158 
34 

-134 
135 

Decatur,  depth  of  No.  6  coal  at 

Deer  Park,  structure  at 

112,  114,  115, 

thinning      of     Pennsylvanian 

strata  near  

DeKalb  County,  drilling  in ... . 
Deland,  altitude  of  No.  2  coal  at 

166 

drilling  in   120, 

oil   development   in 

116 

position  of  La  Salle  anticline 

in  133- 

structure  of   

156 
123 
167 

Clay,  bibliography  of 68 

production   of    38-39 

studies  of   13 

Clay  deposits  near  Mt.  Glen 71-83 

Clay   products,    bibliography    of       69 
production  of 39-42 

Clinton  County,  oil  development 

in 35 

Coal,  bibliography  of 66-67 

production  of   26-32,  33 

studies  of   12 

Coal    City,    anticlinal    structure 

at                                                                                                     "I  99 

Devil's  Backbone   

Devonian    strata,    structure    of 

east  of  Pesotum  

DeWitt  County,  drilling  in.... 
Dixon,  structure  near.  .  .114-115, 
Douglas   County,   absence   of 

Pennsylvanian  strata  in... 
143,  160,  161 

117 

163 

159 
117 

-162 

drilling  in  123, 

lithologic   character   of  Penn- 
sylvanian strata  in 

Mississippian  limestone  in... 
pitch  of  La  Salle  anticline  in- 

159 

164 
161 

128 

"Coal    Measures",    see    Pennsyl- 

26 

168 

158 

34 

166 

165 
-167 

129 
36 
41 

possible  presence  of  No.  6  coal 
in   

163 

vanian  system 
Coal   resources    

Pre-Pennsylvanian      deforma- 
tion in   

174 

Coles    County,    distribution    of 

Fusulina  limestone  in 

drilling  in    

problematic     distribution      of 

No.  2  coal  in 161, 

structure  in   

177 

129 

oil  development  in 

structural  basin  in 

thickness     of    "Pennsylvanian 

thickness  of  drift  in 

Drain  tile,  production  of 

Drift,  thickness  of 

143 

41 

143 

strata  in  

Drilling,    distribution    of   along 

the  La  Salle  anticline 

119,  120-127,  158 

DuPage  County,  drilling  in ...  . 

Colfax,  elevation  of  coal  at..  166 
structure  near 

Colmar  pool,  oil  development  in 
Common  brick,  production  of.. 

-160 
123 

Cook   County,   drilling   in....  121 

-122 

E 

Covel  Creek  syncline 115, 

147 

Crawford  County,  depth  to  base 

Earlville,     synclinal      structure 

of  Pennsylvanian  in 

drilling  in 

164 

near 

13? 

158 

Ede,  J.  A.,  work  of 

145 

oil  development  in  

34 

Edgar  County,  absence  of  No.  2 

position  of  La  Salle  anticline 
in    133-134, 

coal  west  of 

163 

136 

drilling  in 

159 

INDEX- 

Continued 

183 

PAGE 

PAGE 

oil  development  in 

34 

Greenville     gas     pool,     develop- 

pitch of  La  Salle  anticline  in 

128 

ment    in    

36 

thickening    of    Pennsylvanian 

Grundy  County,  drilling  in 

124 

strata  in   

164 

Pennsylvanian   strata  in 

142 

Educational    bulletins,    publica- 

tion of   

13 

H 

Effingham  County,  drilling  in.. 

159 

Elkhorn  Creek  Basin,  structure 

Hamilton  County,  drilling  in.  .  . 

159 

of    100-101,  117, 

132 

Hamm  pool,  oil  development  in 

36 

Embarrass  River,  Fusulina  lime- 

Hancock County,  drilling  in.  . .  . 

124 

stone   along    

synclinal  structure  near...  136, 

168 

oil   development   in 

86 

138 

Hardinville    quadrangle,    struc- 

Expenditures for  the  fiscal  year 

ture  of 137 

-138 

1916   17-18 

Henry  County,  drilling  in 

124 

Heyworth,  structure  near 

129 

F 
Farmer* City,  altitude  of  No.   2 

167 

thickness  of  drift  at. 

143 

Himrod  mine,  altitude  of  No.  6 
coal  in  

163 

coal  at  

Hoing  pool,  oil  development  in 

Flat   Rock,    elevation    of   No.    6 

36 

coal   near    

168 

Flat  Rock  pool,   relation   of  to 

1 

La  Salle  anticline 

136 

9-70 

Illinois  coal  field,  relation  of  to 
La  Salle  anticline 

Fluorspar,    bibliography    of.... 6 

128 

production   of    57-59 

Illinois    Kaolin    Company,    clay 

pits  of   80-82 

2  coal  in 

161 

Illinois  River   Valley,   La   Salle 
limestone  along 

Fox  River  region,  structure  of 
Platteville-Galena  limestone 

151 

structure    of    "Lower    Magne- 

in    

116 

sian"  limestone  in 

Indiana  Coal  Basin,  relation  of 

109 

Franklin  Grove,  "Lower  Magne- 

sian''  limestone  near 

107 

to   the    La    Salle   anticline. 

synclinal  structure  near 

132 

128,  133, 

177 

French  Clay  Blending  Company, 

Information,   bureau  of 

15 

clay  mine  of 

82 

Inlet,   structure   near 

117 

Fulton  County,  drilling  in 

123 

Iron,  pig,  see  Pig  iron 

Fusulina  limestone,  distribution 

Iroquois  County,  drilling  in.  . .  . 

124 

of   

168 

J 

G 

Galena,   see  Platteville-Galena 

Jasper  County,  oil  development 
in  

34 

Gasoline,   see  Natural-gas  gaso- 

Jersey County,  drilling  in 

124 

line 
Glass  sand,  bibliography  of . .  .  .       69 

chemical  character  of 56 

production  of   51,  53,  57 

Jo  Daviess  County,  drilling  in.  . 

Joliet,    blast    furnaces    at 

coke    plants   at 

124 
33 
33 

Goodman  clay  mine 

83 

K 

Grand  Detour,  structure  near.  . . 

114-115, 

117 

Kane   County,  drilling  in 

Kankakee,    anticlinal    structure 

I'M 

Gravel,  see  Sand  and  gravel 

Greene  County,  drilling  in 

123 

at    

-too 

loo 

184 


INDEX — Continued 


PAGE 

drilling  at   124 

Kankakee  arch,   relationship  of 

to  La  Salle  anticline 177 

Kaolin  Station,  clay  mines  near. 80-82 
Kendall  County,  drilling  in.  .. .  124 
Kibbie    pool,   relation   of  to   La 

Salle  anticline 136 

Kirkwood  sand,  structure  of  in 

Lawrence  County  134 

see  also  structure  of  Hardin- 
ville,   Sumner,   and   Vincen- 
nes   quadrangles 
Knox  County,  drilling  in 121 

L 

Lake  County,  drilling  in 124 

La  Moille,  Pennsylvanian  strata 

near    , 142 

La  Salle,  structure  of  La  Salle 

limestone  near    153 

La  Salle  anticline,  Pre-Pennsyl- 

vanian  deformation  of 174 

bibliography  of  94-96 

distribution  of  La  Salle  lime- 
stone along 151-157 

dynamics  of  deformation  of.  . 

177-179 

early  work  on 97-104 

economic  importance  of 92 

effect  of  on  areal  geology.. 92,  106 
interpretative  studies  of..  171-179 
irregularities  of  crest  of..  160,  165 
mine  on  west  flank  of ...  .143-145 
Pennsylvanian  structure  of.  142-170 
Pre-Pennsylvanian      structure 

of    105-141 

relation  of  to  southeastern  oil 

fields 89,  92,  133-136 

relation   of   to   dolomitization 

of  Platteville  formation.  . .  .     179 

scenic  importance  of 92 

southward  pitch  of 128 

structural  unconformities 

along    172-175 

La  Salle  County,  drilling  in.  . . .     125 
history  of  La  Salle  anticline 

in    175 

Pennsylvanian  deformation  in  175 
Pennsylvanian  strata  in...  142,  143 
pitch  of  La  Salle  anticline  in  128 
structural  basin  in 166 


PAGE 

structure    of    St.    Peter    sand- 
stone   in    141 

La  Salle  limestone,  deformation 

of    176 

distribution  and  structure  of. 

151-157,  175 

lithologic  character  of 156-157 

relation  of  latest  folding  to.  .     156 
structural  relationships  of...     172 
La  Salle  Portland  Cement  Com- 
pany's quarry,  structure  of 
La    Salle    limestone    in....      153 
La  Salle  region,  "Lower  Magne- 

sian"    limestone    in 107 

structure  in 109,  112,  115-116 

Lawrence  County,  drilling  in.  158,  159 
natural-gas  gasoline  plants,  in       37 

oil  development  in 34 

position  of  La  Salle  anticline 

in    133-134,  136 

structure  of  Kirkwood  sand  in     134 
Lawrenceville,  altitude  of  No.  6 

coal  at  167-168 

Lead,  bibliography  of 70 

production    of 62-65 

Leaf  River,  St.  Peter  sandstone 

near    107 

structure  near  117 

Lee  Center,  structure  near 117 

Lee  County,  drilling  in. . . 125 

"Lower  Magnesian"  limestone 

in    107 

structure  in 

111-112,  114-115,  116-118 

Lime,  bibliography  of 69 

production   of    46-47 

Limestone,    bibliography   of.... 68-69 

chemical  character  of 

43-45,  48-49,  50 

"Line  of  increased  dip",  mean- 
ing  of    149 

Little    Vermilion    River,    struc- 
ture along 116 

Livingston  County,  distribution 

of  No.  2  coal  in 161 

drilling  in    125,  160 

pitch  of  La  Salle  anticline  in     128 
presence      of     Pennsylvanian 

strata  in   143 

structural  saddle  in 169 


INDEX— 

Continued 

185 

] 

PAGE 

PAGE 

structure  in   129,  141, 

165 

thickness     of     Pennsylvanian 

Longwall  field,  structure  of  No. 

strata  at   

165 

2  coal  in   

157 

Mercer   County,    drilling   in.... 
Milford,   outcrop   of  No.   2   coal 

126 

Lovington,  depth  of  coal  at.  .165, 

166 

Lowell,  structural  relationships 
near 113,  115,  116, 

near    

161 

147 

Millington,   structure   of  Platte- 

"Lower    buff"     beds,     local     ab- 

ville-Galena limestone  near 

116 

sence  of 

177 

synclinal  structure  near 

133 

"Lower    Magnesian"    limestone, 

Mineral  paints,  production  of.  . 

65 

deformation  of  in  La  Salle 

Mineral  water,   production  of. . 

59 

County    

175 

Minonk,  structure  near 

129 

distribution  of  outcrops  of . .  . 

107 

Mississippian  limestone,  vary- 

stratigraphic   problems    relat- 

ing  depth   of  in   southeast- 

ing to  176 

-177 

ern  oil  fields 

136 

structural  relationships  of .  . . 

unconformity  above   

141 

90,  109 

-112 

Mississippian    system,    deforma- 

tion of  

175 

M 

structural  unconformity  with 

Silurian  system 

172 

McDonough  County,  drilling  in 

125 

Morgan  County,  drilling  in 

126 

oil  development  in 

36 

Morris,  anticlinal  structure  at.  . 
Morris-Kankakee  anticline  ...90, 

133 
133 

McHenry   County,   drilling  in.. 

126 

McLean  County,  altitude  of  No. 

Moultrie  County,  structural  ba- 

2   coal    in 

169 
160 

sin  in    .   166 

IRQ 

drilling  in   126, 

Mt.  Glen,  clay  deposits  near... 71-83 

elevation    of   coal    in..  166-167, 

168 

Murdock,    possible    presence    of 

structure  in  . . 128, 

129 
143 

No.  6  coal  near 

163 

thickness  of  drift  in 

McLeansboro  formation,  overlap 

N 

of  along  La  Salle  anticline 

160 

Macon  County,  drilling  in 

160 

Natural  cement,  production  of. 50-51 

Macoupin    County,    oil    develop- 

Natural gas,  bibliography  of... 67-68 

ment  in   

35 

production   of    36-37 

Madison  County,  drilling  in. . . . 

125 

Natural-gas   gasoline,    bibliogra- 

Mahomet,  absence   of  Pennsyl- 

phy  of   

68 

vanian  strata  at.  . .  .143,  161, 

162 
141 

production   of    

37 

structure  south  of 

"Novaculite",  occurrence  of .  . .  . 

61 

Maps  published  in  1916 

17 

No.   2   coal,   exposures   of  along 

Maquoketa  shale,  outcrop  of . .  . 

132 

La  Salle  anticline   146 

-147 

structural  unconformity  with 

possible  absence  of  west  of  La 

Silurian   system    

172 
160 

Salle  anticline 

165 

Marion   County,   drilling   in.  . .  . 

structural    relationship    of    to 

oil  development  in 

35 

La  Salle  limestone 172, 

175 

Marquette    Portland    Cement 

structure     of     in     Livingston 

Company's   mine,    structure 

County  

165 

of  La  Salle  limestone  in.  153 

-155 

underground  structure  of.. 143 

-146 

Marshall  County,  drilling  in.  ,  . . 

125 

variations     in     thickness     of 

Mattoon,  possible  absence  of  No. 

strata   above    

156 

2  coal  near 

165 

No.  5  coal,  possible  presence  of 

structural  basin  at 

166 

near  Saybrook  

167 

186 


INDEX—  Continued 


PAGE 

No.  6  coal,  extension  of  beyond 

No.    2    coal , 163 

relation  of  distribution  of  to 
deformation    . 177 

Nuttall  pool,   relation  of  to  La 

Salle  anticline 136 


Oakland,    possible    presence    of 

No.  6  coal  near 163-164 

Ogle  County,  drilling  in 126 

"Lower  Magnesian''  limestone 

in 107 

St.  Peter  sandstone  in 107 

structure  in 

111-112,  114-115,  116-118 

Ogle,  Lee,  and  La  Salle  counties 

anticline  90,  127-128 

Oil,    occurrence    of   near    Coal 

City 133 

studies  of   13 

see  Petroleum 
Olney,  depth  of  No.  6  coal  at..     167 
Oregon,     "Lower     Magnesian" 

limestone  near    107 

St.   Peter  sandstone  near....     108 

structure  near   114-115,  117 

Ottawa,  structure  near 113,  115 


Parmelee,  C.  W.,  work  of 73-77 

Pawpaw,  interpretation  of  drill 

record  at 132-133 

synclinal  structure  near 132 

Pawpaw-Aurora  syncline..90,  132-133 
possible  presence  of  Pennsyl- 

vanian  rocks  in 142 

Paxton,    outcrop    of   No.    2    coal 

near    161 

Pecumsaugan  Creek,  structure 
of  "Lower  Magnesian"  lime- 
stone on    109 

Pennsylvanian  system,  absence 

of  along  La  Salle  anticline     160 

areal  geology  of 142-143 

deformation  during  formation 

of    174-175,  176 

overlap    of   in    Champaign 
County    and    vicinity.  ..  .162-165 


PAGE 

stratigraphic     problems     con- 
cerning         177 

structural  relationships  of... 

91,  142-170,  173-174 

thickening  of  south  and  east 
along  La  Salle  anticline.  164-165 

Peoria  County,  drilling  in 126 

Pesotum,  absence  of  Pennsyl- 
vanian strata  at 143,  161 

pre-Pennsylvanian      structure 

east  of  163 

Petroleum,    bibliography   of 67-68 

production  of 33-36 

see  Oil 

Piatt  County,  drilling  in 126,  160 

Pig   iron,   production   of 33 

Pine  Creek,  structure  of  Platte- 

ville-Galena  limestone  along     117 
Platteville    formation,    dolomiti- 
zation  of  with  reference  to 

La  Salle  anticline.... 179 

stratigraphic    problems    relat- 
ing to 177 

Platteville-G  a  1  e  n  a  formation, 
possible  presence  of  at  Paw- 
paw         133 

structural  relationships  of . . . 

113,  115-118,  147,  172 

Polo,  structure  near 132 

Pottsville  formation,  structural 
unconformities    within   and 

above 149,  175 

Profiles   of   St.  Peter  sandstone     141 

Publications  in  1916 16 

Putnam  County,  drilling  in....     126 
Pyrite,  production  of 61-62 


Q 


"Quarry"  bed,  local  absence  of    177 


Rantoul,    possible    presence    of 

No.  6  coal  at 163 

Richland  County,  drilling  in...  160 
Rock  Island  County,  drilling  in  126 
Rock  River,  structure  of  Platte- 

ville-Galena  limestone  along     117 
Rockwell  mine,  structure  of  No. 

2  coal  in 145-146 


INDEX — Continued 


187 


PAGE 

s 

Sailor   Springs,  altitude  of  No. 

6  coal  at 167 

St.  Peter  sandstone,  as  structure 

datum  plane 106 

deformation  of   175 

distribution  of  outcrops  of.  .107-108 

profiles  of  141 

stratigraphic    problems    relat- 
ing to    177 

structural  relationships  of. . 

90-91,  112-115,  141,  147,  172 

Sand   and    gravel,    bibliography 

of 69 

production  of 51-57 

see  also  Glass  sand 
Sandoval  pool,  oil  development 

in 35 

Sandwich,    synclinal    structural 

near  133 

Sangamon  County,  drilling  in . .  126 
Savanna,  Maquoketa  shale  near     108 

structural  basin  near 128 

Savanna-Sabula  anticline. 90,  130-132 
Saybrook,     altitude     of     cannel 

coal  at  167 

Seneca,  synclinal  structure  near  147 
Shakopee  dolomite,  structure  of  175 
Shelby  County,  structural  basin 

in     166 

structural  saddle  in .166,  169 

Shelbyville,  structural  basin  at  166 
Sheridan,  anticlinal  structure  at  133 
Sidell,  altitude  of  No.  6  coal  at  163 
Sidney,  possible  presence  of  No. 

6    coal    at 163 

Siggins  pool,  relation  of  to  La 

Salle  anticline 135 

Silica,  see  Tripoli 

Silver,   production   of 62-65 

Silurian    system,    structural   re- 
lationships  of    172 

Somonauk,    synclinal    structure 

near    133 

South    Chicago,    blast    furnaces 

at 33 

coke  plant  at 33 

South  Elgin,  outcrop  of  Maquo- 
keta shale  near   132 


PAGE 

Split  Rock,   structural  relation- 
ships at 112,  115,  116,  149 

unconformity  at   176 

Stark  County,  drilling  in 126 

Staunton  gas  pool,  development 

of 30-36 

Stephenson  County,  drilling  in  126 
Stephenson-Ogle   County   line 

syncline    90,  132 

Stratigraphy,  general   105 

problems  of  with  relation  to 

La  Salle  anticline 176-177 

Strawn,    depth    to    No.    2    coal 

near    161 

Sulphuric  acid,  production  of.. 61-62 
Sumner    quadrangle,    structure 

of    139-141,  168 

T 

Tests  of  clay  near  Mt.  Glen 73-77 

Tolono,  age  of  bed  rock  at....     162 

Topographic    work 13-15,  15-16 

Tripoli,  bibliography  of 70 

production  of 59-61 

Tuscola,     absence     of     Pennsyl- 

vanian  strata  at 143,  162 

U 

Union  County,  clay  deposits  in. 71-83 
Upper  Devonian,  presence  of  in 

well  at  Mahomet 161,  162 

Utica,    structure    of    St.    Peter 

sandstone  at  113 

V 

Vermilion    County,    absence    of 

No.   2  coal  west  of 163 

drilling  in   126,  160 

pitch  of  La  Salle  anticline  in     128 

structure  in   163 

surface   of   pre-Pennsylvanian 

strata  in   163 

Vermilion  River,  La  Salle  lime- 
stone along   151,  153 

Vermilionville  sandstone,  rela- 
tionship of  to  La  Salle  anti- 
cline         177 

Villa    Grove,    possible    presence 

of  No.   6  coal  near 163 


188 


INDEX— Continued 


PAGE 

Vincennes,  structure  north  of..     141 
Vincennes  quadrangle,  structure 

of .139-141 

structure  of  No.  6  coal  in.  . . .     168 


W 

Wabash  County  oil  development 

in     34 

Warren  County,  drilling  in 127 

Waukegan,  coke  plant  at 33 

Wayne  County,  structural  basin 

in    166,    167,  169 

Westfield  pool,  relation  of  to  La 

Salle  anticline 135 

Whiteside  County,  drilling  in..  127 


PAGE 

Will  County,  drilling  in 127 

Winnebago  County,  drilling  in .  .     127 

St.   Peter   sandstone   in 107 

Woodford    County,    altitude    of 

No.  2  coal  in 169 

structural  saddle  in 166,  169 

Y 

Yorkville,     synclinal     structure 

near    133 

Z 

Zinc,  bibliography  of 70 

production    of . . 62-65 


